-ariA . 

u-rx'fe  v-y^3+‘ 

Institute  of  International  Education 

International  Relations  Clubs 
Syllabus  No.  I 


Outline  of  the  Covenant  of  the 
League  of  Nations 

By  Louis  K.  Manley,  Ph.D. 

Assistant  Professor  of  Political  Science 
University  of  Pittsburgh 


March,  1920 


Institute  of  International  Education 

International  Relations  Clubs 
Syllabus  No.  I 


Outline  of  the  Covenant  of  the 
League  of  Nations 


By  Louis  K.  Manley,  Ph.D. 

Assistant  Professor  of  Political  Science 
University  of  Pittsburgh 


March,  1920 


■.  .-4^ 


■ ■■’  > f 


'f. 


\-i. 

■ ■■  f 


/ 


-v 


CONTENTS 


I,  Outline  of  the  Covenant  of  the  League  of  Nations  ...  7 

II.  Text  of  the  Covenant  of  the  League  of  Nations  ....  24 

III.  Questions  concerning  the  Covenant  of  the  League  of  Na- 

tions   33 

IV.  Index  37 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/outlineofcovenanOOmanl 


INTRODUCTION 


The  student  of  such  a document  as  the  Covenant  of  the  League 
of  Nations  usually  finds  it  difficult  not  only  to  discover  the  meaning 
and  intent  of  the  articles,  expressed  as  they  are  in  a phraseology 
which  is  somewhat  unfamiliar,  but  also  to  classify  the  information 
the  document  contains  so  that  this  may  appear  in  its  proper  rela- 
tions. The  purpose  of  the  Outline  is  to  reduce  to  a minimum  the 
difficulties  which  might  prevent  the  student  from  arriving  at  an 
understanding  of  the  Covenant.  The  Covenant  is  included  in  the 
syllabus  in  order  that  the  authority  for  any  statement  in  the  Outline 
may  be  quickly  verified  in  the  original  document.  Comparison  is 
made  easy  since  a reference  to  the  article  of  authority  in  the 
Covenant  is  placed  at  the  left  of  each  statement  in  the  Outline.  The 
Outline  is  in  no  sense  propaganda.  It  is  intended  to  be  merely 
a systematic  arrangement  which  will  be  of  use  to  students  of  the 
Covenant. 

In  the  index,  which  applies  to  both  the  Outline  and  the  Covenant, 
the  first  numbers  following  an  index  topic  refer  to  a page  and  topic 
or  sub-topic  of  the  Outline,  the  remaining  numbers  refer  to  a page 
and  article  of  the  Covenant.  An  attempt  has  been  made  to  cross 
index  as  fully  as  possible.  A list  of  questions  has  been  included  in 
the  syllabus  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  reader  to  test  his 
knowledge  of  the  Covenant. 

The  League  of  Nations  has  been  functioning  since  January  i6, 
1920.  Whether  it  faces  success  or  failure  only  the  future  can  tell, 
but  it  is  in  any  case  a magnificent  experiment  whose  success,  if  it 
does  succeed,  will  mark  the  longest  step  in  political  evolution  which 
has  been  taken  since  organized  government  began.  The  failure  of 
the  United  States  Senate  to  ratify  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Germany, 
of  which  treaty  the  Covenant  of  the  League  of  Nations  is  a part, 
makes  it  impossible  to  state  positively  what  the  future  relation  of 
this  country  to  the  League  will  be.  It  is  probable  that  ultimately 
the  treaty  will  be  ratified  with  reservations.  Concerning  the  final 
form  of  these  reservations  it  is  idle  to  speculate. 

I5] 


Such  reservations  as  may  be  made  will  not  work  changes  that 
will  in  any  way  modify  the  Covenant  except  in  the  specific  applica- 
tion to  the  United  States  of  certain  parts  of  the  document,  which 
have  been  so  changed  as  to  alter  the  conditions  and  responsibilities 
under  which  the  United  States  becomes  a member  of  the  League. 
It  is  likely  that  reservations  of  the  type  on  which  it  now  seems  the 
Senate  will  compromise  will  be  accepted,  though  perhaps  reluctant- 
ly, by  the  other  members  of  the  League. 

L.  K.  M. 


Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
March  i,  1920. 


I 


Preamble. 

Preamble. 

Preamble. 

Preamble. 

Preamble. 

Preamble. 

Preamble. 

Article  I. 


Annex. 

Article  I. 

Annex. 

Article  I. 

Article  I. 


OUTLINE  OF  THE  COVENANT  OF  THE 
LEAGUE  OF  NATIONS 

I.  Purposes: 

A.  The  promotion  of  international  cooperation. 

B.  The  achievement  of  international  peace  and  security. 

II.  Methods  of  Achieving  Purposes: 

A.  The  acceptance  of  obligations  not  to  resort  to  war. 

B.  The  prescription  of  open,  just  and  honorable  relations  be- 
tween nations. 

C.  The  firm  establishment  of  the  understanding  of  international 
law  as  the  actual  rule  of  conduct  among  governments. 

D.  The  maintenance  of  justice. 

E.  The  maintenance  of  a scrupulous  respect  for  all  treaty  obliga- 
tions in  the  dealings  of  organized  peoples  with  one  another. 

III.  Members: 

A.  The  original  members  of  the  League. 

The  original  members  of  the  League  shall  be  those  signatory 
States  named  in  the  annex  to  the  Covenant  which  shall 
accede  without  reservation  to  the  Covenant.  The  States 
named  are:  United  States  of  America,  Belgium,  Bolivia, 
Brazil,  British  Empire,  Canada,  Australia,  South  Africa, 
New  Zealand,  India,  China,  Cuba,  Czecho-Slovakia,  Ecuador, 
France,  Greece,  Guatemala,  Haiti,  Hedjaz,  Honduras,  Italy, 
Japan,  Liberia,  Nicaragua,  Panama,  Peru,  Poland,  Portugal, 
Roumania,  Serbia,  Siam  and  Uruguay.  (Total  number  32.) 

B.  States  not  signatory  to  the  Covenant  which  secure  member- 
ship in  the  League. 

Such  States  are  of  two  classes : 

1.  States  named  in  the  annex  of  the  Covenant  which  accede 
without  reservation  to  the  Covenant.  The  States  named 
in  the  annex  to  the  Covenant  are  Argentine  Republic, 
Chile,  Colombia,  Denmark,  Netherlands,  Norway,  Para- 
guay, Persia,  Salvador,  Spain,  Sweden,  Switzerland,  and 
Venezuela.  (Total  number  13.) 

The  accession  of  these  States  shall  be  effected  by  a declara- 
tion deposited  with  the  Secretariat  within  two  months  of 
the  coming  into  force  of  the  Covenant. 

2.  States  not  named  in  the  annex  which  are  admitted  to  the 
League  upon  the  conditions  stated  in  the  Covenant.  (For 
these  conditions  see  VH-T.) 

I7] 


IV.  Agencies  of  the  League: 


Article  II. 
Article  III. 


Article  III. 

Article  III. 

Article  V. 

Article  III. 
Article  III. 

Article  V. 

Article  V. 


Article  IV. 


Article  IV. 


Article  VI. 


A.  The  Assembly. 

1.  Creation. 

2.  Members. 

The  members  shall  consist  of  the  representatives  of  the 
members  of  the  League.  A State  may  send  three  repre- 
sentatives as  members. 

3.  Meetings. 

a.  Time. 

The  meetings  of  the  Assembly  shall  be  at  stated  inter- 
vals and  from  time  to  time  as  occasion  may  require. 

b.  Place. 

The  meetings  of  the  Assembly  shall  be  held  at  the  seat 
of  the  League  or  at  such  other  place  as  may  be  decided 
upon. 

c.  First  meeting. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Assembly  shall  be  summoned 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

4.  System  of  voting. 

Each  member  of  the  League  shall  have  one  vote. 

5.  Jurisdiction. 

The  Assembly  may  deal  at  its  meeting  with  any  matter 
within  the  sphere  of  action  of  the  League  or  affecting  the 
peace  of  the  world. 

6.  Procedure  and  the  appointment  of  committees. 

These  things  shall  be  regulated  by  the  Assembly  and  may 
be  decided  by  a majority  of  the  members  of  the  League 
represented  at  the  meeting.  (See  VII-U.) 

7.  Decisions. 

Except  where  otherwise  expressly  provided  in  the  Cove- 
nant, decisions  at  any  meeting  of  the  Assembly  require 
the  agreement  of  all  the  members  of  the  League  repre- 
sented at  the  meeting.  (For  exceptions  see  VII-U.) 

8.  Powers. 

a.  Selecting  from  time  to  time  the  four  members  of  the 
League  to  be  represented  on  the  Council  in  addition  to 
the  five  members  named. 

b.  Approving  the  addition  of  members  of  the  League  to 
the  Council. 

The  Assembly  may  make  such  approval  by  majority 
vote.  (See  VII-U.)  It  may  approve  members  of  the 
League  who  shall  always  be  members  of  the  Council  or 
it  may  increase  the  number  of  members  of  the  League 
to  be  selected  by  the  Assembly  for  representation  on 
the  Council. 

c.  Approving,  by  a majority  vote,  the  appointment  of 
the  Secretary  General,  made  by  the  Council.  (See 

[8] 


\y~A-%-c-Cont. 


Article  XI. 


Article  XV. 


Article  XIX. 
Article  XIX, 

Article  II. 
Article  IV. 


Article  IV. 
Article  IV. 


VII-U.)  The  first  Secretary  General,  the  Hon.  Sir 
James  Eric  Drummond,  is  named  in  the  annex. 

d.  Receiving  statements  from  any  member  of  the  League 
in  regard  to  any  circumstances  affecting  international 
relations  which  threaten  to  disturb  either  the  peace  or 
the  good  understanding  between  nations  upon  which 
peace  depends. 

e.  Settling  disputes  referred  to  it  by  the  Council  on  its 
own  responsibility  or  by  the  Council  through  the  re- 
quest of  either  party  to  the  dispute. 

The  powers  of  the  Assembly  when  a suit  is  so  referred 
to  it  are  identical  with  those  of  the  Council  under 
articles  XII  and  XV  except  that  a report  made  by  the 
Assembly  must  be  concurred  in  by  the  representatives 
of  the  members  of  the  League  represented  on  the 
Council  and  by  the  representatives  of  a majority  of  the 
other  members  of  the  League,  excluding  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  parties  to  the  dispute.  (See  IV-B-8-1.) 
The  use  of  the  words  ‘majority  of  the  other  members  of 
the  League’  makes  this  an  exception  to  the  rule  of 
unanimity  of  vote;  it  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  the 
report  of  the  Assembly  must  be  endorsed  by  unanimous 
vote  in  the  Council.  (See  VII-U.) 

f.  Advising  the  reconsideration,  by  members  of  the 
League,  of  treaties  which  have  become  inapplicable. 

g.  Advising  the  consideration  of  international  conditions 
whose  continuance  might  endanger  the  peace  of  the 
world. 

B.  The  Council. 

1.  Creation. 

2.  Members. 

a.  Original  members. 

The  original  membership  in  the  Council  shall  consist 
of  representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America,  of 
the  British  Empire,  of  France,  of  Italy  and  of  Japan, 
together  with  representatives  of  four  other  members  of 
the  League.  (See  IV-A-8-a.) 

Until  such  time  as  the  four  unnamed  members  of  the 
League  represented  on  the  Council  shall  be  selected 
by  the  Assembly,  representatives  of  Belgium,  Brazil, 
Greece  and  Spain  shall  be  members  of  the  Council. 

b.  Additional  members.  (See  IV-A-8-b.) 

c.  Visiting  members. 

Any  member  of  the  League  not  represented  on  the 
Council  shall  be  invited  to  send  a representative  to  sit 
as  a member  at  any  meeting  of  the  Council  during  the 
consideration  of  matters  specially  affecting  the  interest 
of  that  member  of  the  League. 

[9] 


IV-B-Cowi. 


Article  IV. 

Article  IV. 

Article  V. 

Article  IV. 

Article  IV. 

Article  V. 

Article  V. 


Article  VI. 
Article  VI. 
Article  VII. 
Article  VIII. 


Article  VIII. 
Article  VIII. 


3.  Meetings. 

a.  Time. 

The  Council  shall  meet  from  time  to  time  as  occasion 
may  require,  and  at  least  once  a year. 

b.  Place. 

The  meetings  of  the  Council  shall  be  held  at  the  seat 
of  the  League  or  at  such  other  place  as  may  be  decided 
upon. 

c.  First  meeting. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Council  shall  be  summoned  by 
the  President  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

4.  System  of  voting. 

At  meetings  of  the  Council  each  member  of  the  League 
shall  have  only  one  representative  on  the  Council  and 
shall  have  one  vote. 

5.  Jurisdiction. 

The  Council  may  deal  at  its  meetings  with  any  matter 
within  the  sphere  of  action  of  the  League  or  affecting  the 
peace  of  the  world. 

6.  Procedure  and  the  appointment  of  committees. 

These  things  shall  be  regulated  by  the  Council  and  may 
be  decided  by  a majority  of  the  members  of  the  League 
represented  at  the  meeting.  (See  VII-U.) 

7.  Decisions. 

Except  where  otherwise  expressly  provided  in  the  Cove- 
nant, decisions  at  any  meeting  of  the  Council  require  the 
agreement  of  all  the  members  of  the  League  represented 
at  the  meeting.  (For  exceptions  see  VII-U.) 

8.  Powers. 

a.  Appointing  the  Secretary  General  (except  the  first  one) 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  majority  of  the  Assembly. 

b.  Approving  the  appointments  by  the  Secretary  General 
of  the  secretaries  and  the  staff  of  the  Secretariat. 

c.  Deciding  at  any  time  that  the  seat  of  the  League  shall 
be  established  elsewhere. 

d.  Formulating  plans,  for  the  consideration  and  action  of 
the  several  governments,  for  the  reduction  of  national 
armaments  to  the  lowest  point  consistent  with  national 
safety. 

Such  plans  shall  be  subject  to  reconsideration  and  re- 
vision at  least  every  ten  years. 

e.  Granting  consent  to  the  several  governments  to  exceed 
the  limits  of  national  armament  previously  established. 

f.  Advising  concerning  the  prevention  of  the  evil  effects 
attendant  upon  the  manufacture  by  private  enter- 
prise of  munitions  and  implements  of  war. 

1 10] 


IV-B-8-CoMi. 


Article  X. 

Article  XI. 

Article  XII. 

Article  XIII. 

Article  XIV. 

Article  XV. 

Article  XV. 

Article  XV. 


Article  XV. 


Article  XV. 
Article  XVI. 


g.  Advising  concerning  the  means  to  be  taken  to  fulfill 
the  obligation  to  respect  and  preserve  as  against  ex- 
ternal aggression  the  territorial  integrity  and  existing 
political  independence  of  all  members  of  the  League, 
whenever  any  such  aggression  or  any  threat  or  danger 
of  such  aggression  is  present. 

h.  Receiving  statements  from  any  member  of  the  League 
in  regard  to  any  circumstances  affecting  international 
relations  which  threaten  to  disturb  either  the  peace  or 
the  good  understanding  between  nations  upon  which 
peace  depends. 

i.  Conducting  an  inquiry  in  the  case  of  disputes  sub- 
mitted to  the  Council. 

The  report  of  the  Council  must  be  made  within  six 
months  after  the  submission  of  the  dispute. 

j.  Proposing  what  steps  shall  be  taken  to  give  effect 
to  an  award  resulting  from  arbitration  but  which  has 
not  been  carried  out. 

k.  Formul&ting  and  submitting  to  the  members  of  the 
League  for  adoption,  plans  for  the  establishment  of  a 
permanent  court  of  international  justice. 

l.  Acting  to  effect  a settlement  of  any  dispute  which 
members  of  the  League  have  submitted  to  the  Council 
instead  of  to  arbitration. 

1 . Issuing  a statement  when  a settlement  of  a dispute 
is  effected. 

The  Council  shall  then  issue  such  a public  statement 
regarding  the  dispute  and  terms  of  settlement  there- 
of as  it  may  deem  appropriate. 

2.  Issuing  a statement  when  a settlement  of  a dispute 
is  not  effected. 

The  Council  either  unanimously  or  by  a majority 
vote  (see  VII-U)  shall  then  make  and  publish  a 
report  containing  a statement  of  the  facts  of  the 
dispute  and  the  recommendations  which  are 
deemed  just  and  proper  in  regard  thereto. 

3.  Reporting,  without  recommendation  in  regard  to  a 
settlement,  when  a dispute  is  claimed  by  one  party 
and  is  found  by  the  Council  to  be  solely  within  the 
domestic  jurisdiction  of  that  party. 

m.  Referring  any  dispute  to  the  Assembly. 

n.  Recommending  to  the  several  governments  concerned 
what  effective  military,  naval  or  air  force  the  members  of 
the  League  shall  severally  contribute  to  the  armed 
forces  to  be  used  to  protect  the  covenants  of  the  League. 
This  applies  only  to  disregard,  by  a member  of  the 
League,  of  articles  XII,  XIII  or  XV. 

[ii] 


IV-B-8-Cok<, 


Article  XVI. 

Article  XVII. 

Article  XVII. 

Article  XVII. 

Article  XXII. 
Article  XXII. 

Article  XXIV. 

Article  XXIV. 

Article  II. 

Article  II. 
Article  VI. 

Article  VI. 

Article  VI. 


o.  Declaring  a member  of  the  League,  violating  any  cove- 
nant of  the  League,  to  be  no  longer  a member. 

The  vote  need  not  be  concurred  in  by  the  representa 
tive  of  the  covenant-breaking  State  if  it  happens  to 
have  a representative  on  the  Council. 

p.  Modifying  Articles  XII  to  XVI  inclusive,  as  it  deems 
necessary,  when  these  articles  are  to  be  applied  where 
a State  not  a member  of  the  League  is  a party  to  a 
dispute. 

q.  Recommending  appropriate  action  as  a result  of  an 
inquiry  in  regard  to  a dispute  in  which  a State  not  a 
member  of  the  League  is  concerned. 

r.  Taking  appropriate  measures  to  prevent  hostilities  and 
to  settle  a dispute  when  both  parties  to  the  dispute 
(neither  a member  of  the  League)  refuse  to  accept  the 
obligations  of  membership  in  the  League  for  the  pur- 
pose of  such  dispute. 

s.  Receiving  an  annual  report  from  mandatory  powers,  in 
reference  to  the  terflfcories  committed  to  their  charge. 

t.  Defining  the  degree  of  authority,  control  or  adminis- 
tration to  be  exercised  by  the  mandatory  when  such 
has  not  been  previously  agreed  to  by  the  members  of 
the  League. 

u.  Including  as  part  of  the  expenses  of  the  Secretariat  the 
expenses  of  any  bureau  or  commission  which  is  placed 
under  the  direction  of  the  League. 

V.  Granting  consent  to  the  Secretariat  to  collect  and  dis- 
tribute all  relevant  material,  in  regard  to  matters  of 
international  interest,  not  placed  under  the  control  of 
international  bureaux  or  commissions. 

C.  The  Secretariat. 

1.  Creation. 

2.  Meetings. 

a.  Continuous  sessions. 

b.  Place. 

The  Secretariat  shall  be  established  at  the  seat  of  the 
League. 

3.  Officers. 

a.  Personnel. 

Secretary  General,  secretaries  and  staff.  Both  men 
and  women  shall  be  eligible  for  all  positions  in  con- 
nection with  the  League,  including  the  Secretariat. 
(Article  VI 1.) 

b.  Selection. 

The  first  Secretary  General  is  named  in  the  annex. 
Succeeding  Secretaries  General  shall  be  appointed  by 
1 12  ] 


IV-C-s-b-Cow/. 


Article  VI. 
Article  XI. 

Article  XV. 

Article  XVIII. 
Article  XXIV. 

Article  VI. 

Article  XIV. 

Article  XIV. 

Article  XIV. 

Article  IX. 


the  Council  with  the  approval  of  the  majority  of  the 
Assembly. 

Secretaries  and  the  staff  of  the  Secretariat  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  Secretary  General  with  the  approval 
of  the  Council. 

4.  Duties  of  the  Secretary  General. 

a.  Acting  in  the  capacity  of  Secretary  General  at  all 
meetings  of  the  Assembly  and  of  the  Council. 

b.  Summoning  a meeting  of  the  Council  whenever,  on 
account  of  war  or  threat  of  war,  any  member  of  the 
League  requests  him  to  do  so. 

c.  Receiving  notice  of  a dispute  from  one  of  the  parties  to 
it  and  making  necessary  arrangements  for  a full  in- 
vestigation and  consideration  thereof. 

d.  Publishing  all  treaties  or  international  engagements 
registered  with  the  Secretariat. 

e.  Collecting  and  distributing  all  relevant  material  in  re- 
gard to  matters  of  international  interest  not  placed 
under  the  control  of  international  bureaux  or  com- 
missions. 

This  duty  shall  be  performed,  subject  to  the  consent 
of  the  Council. 

5.  Expenses. 

The  expenses  of  the  Secretariat  shall  be  borne  by  the 
members  of  the  League  in  accordance  with  the  apportion- 
ment of  the  expenses  of  the  International  Bureau  of  the 
Universal  Postal  Union. 

D.  The  permanent  court  of  international  justice. 

1.  Establishment. 

The  permanent  court  shall  be  established  upon  plans  for- 
mulated by  the  Council  and  adopted  by  the  members  of 
the  League. 

2.  Competency. 

The  court  shall  be  competent  to  hear  and  determine  any 
dispute  of  an  international  character  which  the  parties 
thereto  submit  to  it. 

3.  Advisory  opinions. 

The  court  may  give  an  advisory  opinion  upon  any  dispute 
or  question  referred  to  it  by  the  Council  or  by  the  Assem- 
bly. 

E.  Commissions,  bureaux  and  other  international  organizations. 

I.  Permanent  commission,  to  advise  the  Council,  upon  the 

execution  of  article  I (dealing  with  membership  in  the 
League),  article  VIII  (dealing  with  the  reduction  of  arma- 
ments), and  upon  military,  naval  and  air  questions  gen- 
erally. 

[ 13] 


W-K-Cont. 


Article  XXII. 

Article  XXIV. 

Article  XXIV. 

Article  XXIII. 

V. 

Preamble. 

Article  VI. 

Article  XXIV. 

Article  VIII. 

Article  VIII. 

Article  VIII. 


2.  Permanent  commission  to  receive  and  examine  the  annual 
reports  of  the  mandatory  States,  and  to  advise  the  Council 
on  all  matters  relating  to  the  observance  of  the  mandates. 

3.  International  bureaux  already  established  by  general 
treaties. 

These  are  to  be  placed  under  the  control  of  the  League  if 
the  parties  to  such  treaties  consent. 

4.  International  bureaux  and  commissions  to  be  hereafter 
constituted. 

These,  when  constituted,  shall  be  placed  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  League. 

5.  International  organizations  necessary  to  carry  out  the 
endeavor  to  secure  and  maintain  fair  and  humane  condi- 
tions of  labor  for  men,  women  and  children. 

Agreements  of  States  Members  of  the  League: 

A.  General  agreement. 

“The  high  contracting  parties  agree  to  this  Covenant  of  the 
League  of  Nations.” 

B.  Expenses  of  the  Secretariat. 

These  expenses  “shall  be  borne  by  the  members  of  the  League 
in  accordance  with  the  apportionment  of  the  expenses  of  the 
International  Bureau  of  the  Universal  Postal  Union.”  The 
expenses  of  the  Secretariat  may  have  included  in  them,  by  the 
Council,  “the  expenses  of  any  bureau  or  commission  which  is 
placed  under  the  direction  of  the  League.” 

C.  Armaments. 

The  members  agree  to  reduce  their  armaments  to  the  lowest 
point  consistent  with  national  safety,  plans  for  such  reduc- 
tion to  be  formulated  by  the  Council  but  adopted  only  with 
the  consent  of  the  States  themselves.  The  States  agree 
thereafter  not  to  increase  their  armaments  without  the  con- 
currence of  the  Council. 

D.  Private  manufacture  of  munitions  and  implements  of  war. 
“The  members  agree  that  the  manufacture,  by  private  enter- 
prise, of  munitions  and  implements  of  war  is  open  to  grave 
objections.” 

E.  Exchange  of  full  military,  naval  and  air  information. 

The  members  “undertake  to  interchange  full  and  frank  in- 
formation as  to  (i)  the  scale  of  their  armaments,  (2)  their 
military,  naval  and  air  programs,  and  (3)  the  condition  of 
such  of  their  industries  as  are  adaptable  to  warlike  purposes.” 

I14] 


V-Cont. 


Article  X.  F. 


Articles  XII-  G. 
XIII. 


Article  XVI.  H. 


I. 

Article  XVIII  (i) 

Article  XX  (2) 
and  (3) 

Article  XXII.  J. 


Article  XXV.  K. 


Article  XXIII.  L. 


Respecting  and  preserving  territorial  integrity  and  political 
independence. 

The  members  of  the  league  “undertake  to  respect  and  pre- 
serve as  against  external  aggression  the  territorial  integrity 
and  existing  political  independence  of  all  members  of  the 
League.” 

Arbitration. 

The  members  of  the  League  agree  to  submit  all  international 
disputes  to  arbitration  or  to  inquiry  by  the  Council  and  in 
no  case  to  resort  to  war  until  three  months  after  the  award 
by  the  arbitrators  or  the  report  by  the  Council;  they  further 
agree  that  they  will  carry  out  in  full  good  faith  any  award 
that  may  be  rendered  and  that  they  will  not  resort  to  war 
against  a member  of  the  League  which  complies  therewith. 
(See  VII-B.) 

Regarding  a State  which  has  broken  the  Covenant. 

The  members  of  the  League  agree  to  regard  a State  breaking 
the  Covenant  in  respect  to  articles  XII,  XIII,  or  XV  as  hav- 
ing committed  an  act  of  war  against  the  League.  (For  penal- 
ties to  be  applied  see  VII-C.) 

Treaties. 

The  members  of  the  League  agree  (i)  to  register  with  the 
Secretariat  all  international  engagements;  (2)  to  abrogate 
all  treaties  inconsistent  with  the  terms  of  the  Covenant;  (3) 
not  to  enter  hereafter  into  any  engagement  inconsistent  with 
the  terms  of  the  Covenant. 

Action  as  a mandatory. 

A member  of  the  League,  acting  as  mandatory,  agrees  to 
render  an  annual  report,  upon  all  matters  relating  to  the 
observance  of  its  mandate,  to  the  permanent  commission 
established  for  receiving  and  examining  such  reports. 

National  Red  Cross  organizations. 

The  members  of  the  League  agree  to  encourage  and  promote 
the  establishment  and  cooperation  of  duly  authorized  National 
Red  Cross  organizations. 

General  responsibilities. 

(See  VI.) 


VI.  Various  Responsibilities  of  States  Members  of  the  League: 
Article  XXIII.  A.  Conditions  of  labor. 

The  members^of^the^League  will  endeavor  to  secure  and  main- 
tain fair  and  humane  conditions  of  labor  for  men,  women 
and^children. 


(151 


Vl-Cont. 


Article  XXIII. 


Article  XXIII. 


Article  XXIII. 


Article  XXIII. 


Article  XXIII. 


VII. 

Article  VII. 
Article  VII. 


Article  XIII. 
Articles  XII 
and  XV. 


Article  XIII. 
Article  XIV. 


B.  Treatment  of  natives. 

The  members  of  the  League  will  undertake  to  secure  just 
treatment  of  the  native  inhabitants  of  territories  under  their 
control.  This  extends  to  territories  now  under  the  control 
of  States  members  of  the  League  or  which  hereafter  may 
come  under  such  control,  the  same  protection  to  the  native 
inhabitants  which  the  League  itself  exercises  through  its 
mandates. 

C.  Traffic  in  women,  children  and  in  dangerous  drugs. 

The  members  of  the  League  will  entrust  the  League  with  gen- 
eral supervision  over  the  execution  of  agreements  with  regard 
to  the  traffic  in  women  and  children  and  the  traffic  in  opium 
and  other  dangerous  drugs. 

D.  Supervision  of  the  trade  in  arms  and  ammunition. 

The  League  is  to  be  entrusted  with  the  supervision  of  such 
trade  with  the  countries  in  which  the  control  of  this  traffic  is 
necessary  in  the  common  interest. 

E.  Transit  and  commerce. 

The  members  of  the  League  will  make  provision  to  secure 
and  maintain  freedom  of  communication  and  of  transit  and 
equitable  treatment  for  the  commerce  of  all  members  of  the 
League. 

F.  Public  health. 

The  members  of  the  League  will  endeavor  to  take  steps  in 
matters  of  international  concern  for  the  prevention  and  con- 
trol of  disease. 

General  Provisions  of  the  Covenant: 

A.  The  seat  of  the  League. 

1.  The  seat  of  the  League  is  established  at  Geneva. 

2.  The  Council  may  at  any  time  decide  that  the  seat  of  the 
League  shall  be  established  elsewhere. 

B.  Methods  of  adjusting  disputes. 

1 . Ordinary  processes  of  diplomacy. 

2.  Inquiry  by  the  Council. 

The  members  of  the  League  agree  that  if  there  should 
arise  between  them  any  dispute  likely  to  lead  to  a rupture, 
they  will  submit  the  matter  either  to  arbitration  or  to 
inquiry  by  the  Council.  The  Council  must  report  con- 
cerning the  dispute  within  six  months. 

3.  Arbitration  by  a court  agreed  upon  by  the  parties. 

4.  Arbitration  by  the  permanent  court  of  international 
justice. 

The  following  types  of  disputes  are  mentioned  as  being 
generally  suitable  for  submission  to  arbitration: 

I16] 


VII-B-4-CoMi. 


Article  XIII. 
Article  XIII. 
Article  XIII. 

Article  XIII. 

Article  XV. 

Article  XVI. 

Article  XVII. 

Article  XVI. 

Article  XVI. 

Article  XVI. 
Article  XVI. 
Article  XVI. 

Article  XVI. 

Article  XVI. 

Article  XVI. 


a.  Disputes  as  to  the  interpretation  of  a treaty. 

b.  Disputes  as  to  any  question  of  international  law. 

c.  Disputes  as  to  the  existence  of  any  fact  which,  if  estab- 
lished, would  constitute  a breach  of  any  international 
obligation. 

d.  Disputes  as  to  the  extent  and  nature  of  the  reparation 
to  be  made  for  any  such  breach  as  that  referred  to  above 
in  c. 

5.  Referring  a dispute  to  the  Assembly. 

The  dispute  may  in  any  case  be  referred  to  the  Assembly 
by  the  Council;  it  must  be  so  refrreed  at  the  request  of 
either  party  to  the  dispute. 

C.  Penalties. 

1.  When  applied. 

a.  When  any  State,  a member  of  the  League,  resorts  to 
war  in  disregard  of  its  covenants  (under  articles  XII, 
XIII  or  XV)  concerning  the  settlement  of  disputes. 

b.  When  any  State,  not  a member  of  the  League,  refuses 
to  accept  the  obligations  of  membership  in  the  League 
for  the  purpose  of  settling  a dispute  and  resorts  to  war 
against  a member  of  the  League. 

c.  When  any  member  of  the  League  violates  any  covenant 
of  the  League,  (a,  above,  included  only  three  articles 
of  the  Covenant.) 

2.  Nature  of  penalties. 

a.  When  the  penalties  are  applied  to  a State  which  has 
refused  to  attempt  to  settle  a dispute  by  the  methods 
specified  in  the  Covenant,  (i.  e.,  articles  XII,  XIII  or 
XV). 

1.  The  severance  of  all  trade  relations. 

2.  The  severance  of  all  financial  relations. 

3.  The  prohibition  of  all  intercourse  between  nationals 

' of  the  States  members  of  the  League  and  those  of 

the  offending  State. 

4.  The  prohibition  of  all  intercourse  between  nationals 
of  the  offending  State  and  nationals  of  all  other 
States  whether  members  of  the  League  or  not. 

b.  When  any  member  of  the  League  violates  any  cove- 
nant of  the  League  except  those  in  regard  to  the 
settling  of  disputes  by  League  methods. 

Expulsion  from  the  League  by  a vote  of  the  Council, 
unanimous  except  for  the  vote  of  the  representative 
of  the  offending  State. 

3.  Method  of  enforcing  penalties. 

a.  The  use  of  effective  military,  naval  or  air  force  to 
enable  the  successful  application  of  the  specified  pen- 
alties. 

1 17  ] 


VII-C-3-Cowi. 


Article  XVI. 

Article  XVI. 

Article  XVIII. 

Article  XIX. 

Article  XX. 

Article  XX. 

Article  XXII. 

Article  XXII. 

Article  XXII. 


These  forces  are  to  be  contributed  to  the  League  by  the 
members  of  the  League,  upon  recommendation  of  the 
Council. 

b.  Mutual  support  by  the  members  of  the  League  in  the 
financial  and  economic  measures  taken  and  in  resisting 
special  measures  aimed  at  one  of  the  members  of  the 
League  by  the  recalcitrant  State. 

c.  Permitting  troops  of  any  of  the  members  of  the  League 
cooperating  to  protect  the  covenants  of  the  League, 
to  pass  through  the  territory  of  any  member  of  the 
League. 

D.  Treaties  and  international  engagements. 

1.  Registration  and  publication. 

Every  convention  or  international  engagement  entered 
into  hereafter  by  any  member  of  the  League  shall  be 
immediately  registered  with  the  Secretariat.  No  treaty 
or  international  engagement  shall  be  binding  unless  so 
registered.  The  Secretariat  shall  publish  the  treaty  or 
international  engagement  as  soon  as  possible. 

2.  Reconsideration. 

The  reconsideration  of  inapplicable  treaties  may  be 
advised  by  the  Assembly  to  the  members  of  the  League. 

3.  Abrogation. 

All  inter-state  obligations  to  which  a member  bf  the 
League  is  a party  and  which  are  inconsistent  with  the 
terms  of  the  Covenant  shall  be  abrogated. 

4.  Future  types. 

Members  of  the  League  may  form  in  the  future  only 
such  engagements  as  are  consistent  with  the  terms  of  the 
Covenant. 

E.  Mandates  and  mandatories.  • 

1.  Colonies  and  territories  concerned. 

Colonies  and  territories  freed  by  the  late  war  from  the 
sovereignty  of  the  States  which  formerly  governed  them 
and  inhabited  by  peoples  not  yet  able  to  stand  by  them- 
selves “under  the  strenuous  conditions  of  the  modern 
world.” 

2.  Principle  to  be  applied. 

The  tutelage  of  such  peoples  should  be  entrusted  to  ad- 
vanced nations. 

3.  Type  of  nation  which  shall  act  as  mandatory. 

An  advanced  nation  which  is  able  to  undertake  the  respon- 
sibility because  of  special  fitness  from  the  standpoint  of 
(a)  resources,  (&)  experience,  (c)  geographical  position. 
I18] 


Vll-E-Cont. 


Article  XXII. 


Article  XXII. 


Article  XXII. 


Article  XXII. 


Article  XXII. 


Article  XXII. 


4.  Character  of  the  mandate. 

The  character  of  the  mandate  depends  upon  (o)  the  stage 
of  development  of  the  people,  (&)  geographical  situation 
of  the  territory,  (c)  economic  condition  of  the  territory,  (dl 
similar  circumstances  to  (o),  (&)  and  (c). 

5.  Limitations  upon  the  mandatory. 

The  degree  of  authority,  control  or  administration  to  be 
exercised  by  the  mandatory  state  shall  be  defined  either 
by  agreement  of  the  members  of  the  League  or,  lacking 
that,  by  the  Council. 

6.  Annual  reports  from  mandatory  powers. 

Each  mandatory  shall  be  required  to  render  an  annual 
report  in  reference  to  the  territory  committed  to  its 
charge.  This  report  shall  be  received  and  examined  by 
a mandatory  commission  established  for  that  purpose 
and  for  the  additional  purpose  of  assisting  the  League 
in  ensuring  the  observance  of  the  terms  of  all  mandates. 

7.  Consent  as  a factor. 

The  wishes  of  the  communities  concerned  must  be  a prin- 
cipal consideration  in  the  selection  of  the  mandatory 
power  if  these  communities  are  reasonably  advanced.  No 
power  will  be  required,  against  its  will,  to  act  as  a manda- 
tory. 

8.  Examples  of  colonies  and  territories  freed  by  the  late  war. 

a.  Communities  formerly  belonging  to  the  Turkish 
Empire. 

These  communities  are  in  a stage  of  development  where 
their  existence  as  independent  nations  can  be  pro- 
visionally recognized.  The  mandatory  power  will 
render  administrative  advice  and  assistance  until  such 
time  as  they  are  able  to  stand  alone. 

b.  Peoples  of  Central  Africa. 

The  mandatory  must  be  responsible  for 

1.  The  administration  of  the  territory. 

2.  Guaranteeing  freedom  of  conscience  or  religion. 

3.  The  maintenance  of  public  order  and  morals. 

4.  Prohibition  of  abuses  such  as  the  slave  trade,  the 
arms  traffic  and  the  liquor  traffic. 

5.  The  prevention  of  the  establishment  of  fortifications 
or  military  and  naval  bases. 

6.  The  prevention  of  military  training  of  the  natives 
for  other  than  police  purposes  and  the  defense  of 
territory. 

7.  The  securing  of  equal  opportunities  for  the  trade 
and  commerce  of  other  members  of  the  League. 

1 19I 


VII-E-8-Co«i. 


Article  XXII. 


Article  XXI. 


Article 

XXIII-A 

Article 

XXIII-B 

Article 

XXIII-C 

Article 

XXIII-D. 

Article 

XXIII-E. 

Article 

XXIII-F. 

Article  XXV. 

Article  VI. 


Article  XXIV. 


Article  VII. 


c.  Territories  such  as  Southwest  Africa  and  certain  of  the 
South  Pacific  Islands. 

Because  of  any  or  several  of  the  following  reasons — 
sparse  population,  small  size,  remoteness  from  the 
centers  of  civilization,  geographical  contiguity  to  the 
mandatory  state,  circumstances  similar  to  those  previ- 
ously mentioned — the  mandatory  may  administer  the 
territory,  under  the  laws  of  the  mandatory  state,  as 
integral  portions  thereof.  The  safeguards  mentioned 
under  (b)  (just  preceding)  apply  in  the  administration 
of  territories  of  the  type  just  described  (c). 

F.  Regional  understandings  and  treaties  of  arbitration. 

The  validity  of  regional  understandings,  like  the  Monroe 
Doctrine,  and  international  engagements  such  as  treaties  of 
arbitration  shall  not  be  affected  by  any  thing  in  the  Covenant. 

G.  Labor  conditions.  (See  VI-A.) 

H.  Treatment  of  native  inhabitants  under  the  control  of  a State, 
a member  of  the  League.  (See  VI-B.) 

I.  The  white  slave  traffic;  traffic  in  dangerous  drugs.  (See 
VI-C.) 

J.  Arms  and  ammunition  trade.  (See  VI-D.) 

K.  Freedom  of  transit  and  equitable  commercial  opportunity. 
(See  VI-E.) 

L.  Prevention  and  control  of  disease.  (See  VI-F.) 

M.  Red  Cross.  (See  V-K.) 

N.  Expenses. 

1.  Secretariat, 

The  expenses  of  the  Secretariat  shall  be  borne  by  members 
of  the  League  in  accordance  with  the  apportionment  of  the 
expenses  of  the  International  Bureau  of  the  Universal 
Postal  Union. 

2.  Bureau  or  commission. 

Expenses  of  a bureau  or  commission  which  is  placed  under 
the  direction  of  the  League  may  be  included  by  the  Coun- 
cil as  part  of  the  expenses  of  the  Secretariat. 

O.  Diplomatic  immunities  and  extra-territoriality  of  buildings. 
I.  Diplomatic  privileges  and  immunities  shall  be  enjoyed  by 

representatives  of  the  members  of  the  League  while  these 
representatives  are  engaged  on  the  business  of  the  League. 
l2o] 


Wll-O-Cont. 


Article  VII. 

Article  IV. 

Article  IV. 

Article  VIII. 

Article  VIII. 

Article  VIII. 

Article  VIII. 

Article  VIII. 

Article  XI. 


2.  The  building  and  other  property  occupied  by  the  League 
or  its  officials  or  by  representatives  attending  its  meetings 
shall  be  held  inviolable. 

P.  Extra  representation  on  Council. 

1.  Temporary  members. 

Any  member  of  the  League  not  represented  on  the  Council 
shall  be  invited  to  send  a representative  to  sit  as  a member 
at  any  meeting  of  the  Council  during  the  consideration  of 
matters  specially  affecting  the  interest  of  that  member  of 
the  League. 

2.  Permanent  additional  members. 

Permanent  additional  members  of  the  Council  of  either  the 
continuous  service  type  or  the  temporary  type  may  be 
added  to  the  Council  with  the  approval  of  the  majority 
of  the  Assembly.  (See  VII-U.) 

Q.  Reduction  of  armaments. 

1.  Purpose. 

The  purpose  of  the  reduction  of  armaments  is  the  mainte- 
nance of  peace. 

2.  Governing  principle. 

National  armaments  must  be  reduced  to  the  lowest  point 
consistent  with  national  safety. 

3.  Self-decision  by  State. 

Each  government  shall  decide  for  itself,  in  accordance  with 
the  principle  stated  above  (2),  to  what  extent  its  national 
armaments  shall  be  reduced.  The  Council  shall  formulate 
plans  for  the  reduction  of  armaments  for  the  consideration 
of  the  several  governments. 

4.  The  maintenance  of  reduced  armaments. 

The  limits  for  armaments,  after  adoption,  may  not  be  ex- 
ceeded without  permission  of  the  Council. 

The  permanent  military  and  naval  commission  (article 
IX)  is  given  power  to  advise  the  Council  concerning  the 
four  preceding  points. 

R.  Private  manufacture  of  munitions  and  implements  of  war. 
The  Council  is  given  power  to  advise  how  the  evil  effects  of 
such  manufacture  can  be  prevented.  Private  manufacture 
is  not  forbidden.  The  permanent  military  and  naval  commis- 
sion (article  IX)  is  given  power  to  advise  the  Council  upon 
this  point. 

S.  Procedure  in  time  of  war  or  threat  of  war. 

Any  war  or  threat  of  war,  whether  immediately  affecting  any 
of  the  members  of  the  League  or  not,  is  declared  to  be  a matter 

(21  ] 


Vll-S-Cont 


Article  I. 
Article  I. 

Article  I. 

Article  V. 
Article  IV. 
Article  VI. 
Article  XV. 

Article  IV. 

Article  V. 
Article  XV. 

Article  VII. 

Article  I. 

Article  XVI. 


of  concern  to  the  League.  The  League  shall  take  any  action 
that  may  be  deemed  wise  and  effectual  to  safeguard  the  peace 
of  nations. 

T.  Conditions  governing  the  admission  of  States. 

1.  The  State  must  be  self-governing. 

2.  The  State  must  give  effective  guarantees  of  its  sincere 
intention  to  observe  its  international  obligations. 

3.  The  State  must  accept  such  regulations  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  League  in  regard  to  its  military,  naval  and 
air  forces  and  armaments. 

U.  Exceptions  to  the  rule  of  unanimous  vote. 

1.  Assembly. 

a.  Procedure  and  the  appointment  of  committees.  (See 
IV-A-6.) 

b.  Approving  the  addition  of  members  of  the  League  to 
the  Council.  (See  IV-A-8-b.) 

c.  Approving  the  appointment  of  the  Secretary  General. 
(See  IV-A-8-C.) 

d.  Settling  disputes  referred  to  it  by  the  Council  on  its 
own  responsibility  or  by  the  Council  through  the  re- 
quest of  either  party  to  the  dispute.  (This  exception  is 
more  apparent  than  real.  See  IV-A-8-e.) 

e.  Adding  permanent  members  to  the  Council.  (See 
VII-P-2.) 

2.  Council. 

a.  Procedure  and  the  appointment  of  committees.  (See 
IV-B-6.) 

b.  Issuing  a statement  when  a settlement  of  a dispute  is 
not  effected.  (See  IV-B-8-I-2.) 

V.  Recognition  of  women  as  eligible  for  League  offices. 

All  positions  under  or  in  connection  with  the  League,  includ- 
ing the  Secretariat,  shall  be  open  equally  to  men  and  women. 

W.  The  severing  of  relations  between  a member  and  the  League. 

1.  Withdrawal. 

Any  member  may,  after  two  years’  notice,  withdraw  from 
the  League,  provided  that  all  its  international  obligations 
and  all  its  obligations  under  the  Covenant  have  been  ful- 
filled at  the  time  of  its  withdrawal. 

2.  Expulsion. 

Any  member  of  the  League  which  has  violated  any  cove- 
nant of  the  League  may  be  declared  to  be  no  longer  a mem- 
ber of  the  League  by  a vote  of  the  Council,  concurred 
in  by  the  representatives  of  all  the  other  members  of  the 
League  represented  thereon. 

(22] 


VU-W-Cont. 


Article  XXVI.  3.  Disapproval  of  an  amendment. 

Any  member  of  the  League  which  votes  against  an  amend- 
ment which  is  passed,  will  be  permitted  to  cease  to  be  a 
member  of  the  League  if  it  does  not  wish  to  be  bound  by 
the  amendment. 

Article  X.  X.  Protection  against  external  aggression. 

The  League  will  maintain  against  external  aggression  the 
territorial  integrity  and  the  existing  political  independence  of 
all  members. 


Article  XVII. 


Article  XVII. 


Article  XVII. 


Y.  Status  of  a State  not  in  the  League. 

1 . When  disputes  arise  between  a State  member  of  the  League, 
and  a State  not  a member  of  the  League,  or  between  States 
not  members  of  the  League,  the  State  or  States  not  mem- 
bers shall  be  invited,  upon  terms  set  by  the  Council,  to 
accept  the  obligations  of  membership  in  the  League  for 
the  purposes  of  such  dispute. 

2.  If  a power  refuses  such  invitation  and  violates  the  pro- 
visions concerning  the  settlement  of  disputes  the  specified 
penalties  shall  apply  to  that  State. 

3.  If  both  parties  to  a dispute  refuse  the  invitation,  the 
Council  may  take  such  action  and  make  such  recommen- 
dations as  will  prevent  hostilities  and  will  result  in  the 
settlement  of  the  dispute. 


Z. 

Art  cle  XXIV. 


Article  XXIV. 
Article  XXIV. 


Special  international  bureaux  and  commissions. 

1.  Those  already  established  by  treaties. 

These  shall  be  placed  under  the  direction  of  the  League 
if  the  parties  to  such  treaties  consent. 

2.  Those  to  be  hereafter  constituted. 

These  shall  be  placed  under  the  direction  of  the  League. 

3.  Expenses. 

The  Council  may  include  as  part  of  the  expenses  of  the 
Secretariat  the  expenses  of  any  bureau  or  commission 
which  is  placed  under  the  direction  of  the  League. 


VI 11.  Amendments: 

Article  XXVI . A.  States  ratifying  to  make  effective. 

1.  Members  of  the  League  whose  representatives  compose 
the  Council. 

2.  A majority  of  the  members  of  the  League  whose  representa- 
tives compose  the  Assembly. 

Article  XXVI . B.  Binding  power. 

An  amendment  shall  not  bind  any  member  which  signifies  its 
dissent.  But  in  that  case,  it  shall  cease  to  be  a member  of  the 

League. 


[23] 


II 


THE  COVENANT  OF  THE  LEAGUE  OF  NATIONS 

[Part  I of  the  Treaty  of  Peace  with  Germany] 

The  High  Contracting  Parties,  in  order  to  promote  international  cooperation 
and  to  achieve  international  peace  and  security  by  the  acceptance  of  obligations 
not  to  resort  to  war,  by  the  prescription  of  open,  just  and  honorable  relations  be- 
tween nations,  by  the  firm  establishment  of  the  understandings  of  international 
law  as  the  actual  rule  of  conduct  among  governments,  and  by  the  maintenance 
of  justice  and  a scrupulous  respect  for  all  treaty  obligations  in  the  dealings  of 
organized  peoples  with  one  another,  agree  to  this  Covenant  of  the  League  of 
Nations. 

ARTICLE  I 

The  original  Members  of  the  League  of  Nations  shall  be  those  of  the  Signatories 
which  are  named  in  the  Annex  to  this  Covenant  and  also  such  of  those  other  States 
named  in  the  Annex  as  shall  accede  without  reservation  to  this  Covenant.  Such 
accession  shall  be  effected  by  a Declaration  deposited  with  the  Secretariat  within 
two  months  of  the  coming  into  force  of  the  Covenant.  Notice  thereof  shall  be 
sent  to  all  other  Members  of  the  League. 

Any  fully  self-governing  State,  Dominion  or  Colony  not  named  in  the  Annex, 
may  become  a Member  of  the  League  if  its  admission  is  agreed  to  by  two-thirds 
of  the  Assembly,  provided  that  it  shall  give  effective  guarantees  of  its  sincere 
intention  to  observe  its  international  obligations,  and  shall  accept  such  regula- 
tions as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  League  in  regard  to  its  military,  naval  and  air 
forces  and  armaments. 

Any  Member  of  the  League  may,  after  two  years’  notice  of  its  intention  so  to 
do,  withdraw  from  the  League,  provided  that  all  its  international  obligations  and 
all  its  obligations  under  this  Covenant  shall  have  been  fulfilled  at  the  time  of  its 
withdrawal. 

ARTICLE  II 

The  action  of  the  League  under  this  Covenant  shall  be  effected  through  the 
instrumentality  of  an  Assembly  and  of  a Council,  with  a permanent  Secretariat. 

ARTICLE  III 

The  Assembly  shall  consist  of  Representatives  of  the  Members  of  the  League. 

The  Assembly  shall  meet  at  stated  intervals  and  from  time  to  time  as  occasion 
may  require  at  the  Seat  of  the  League,  or  at  such  other  place  as  may  be  decided  upon. 

The  Assembly  may  deal  at  its  meetings  with  any  matter  within  the  sphere  of 
action  of  the  League  or  affecting  the  peace  of  the  world. 

At  meetings  of  the  Assembly  each  member  of  the  League  shall  have  one  vote, 
and  may  have  not  more  than  three  Representatives. 

1 24] 


ARTICLE  IV 


The  Council  shall  consist  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
of  the  British  Empire,  of  France,  of  Italy,  and  of  Japan,  together  with  Representa- 
tives of  four  other  Members  of  the  League.  These  four  Members  of  the  League 
shall  be  selected  by  the  Assembly  from  time  to  time  in  its  discretion.  Until  the 
appointment  of  the  Representatives  of  the  four  Members  of  the  League  first 
selected  by  the  Assembly,  Representatives  of  Belgium,  Brazil,  Spain,  and 
Greece  shall  be  members  of  the  Council. 

With  the  approval  of  the  majority  of  the  Assembly,  the  Council  may  name 
additional  Members  of  the  League  whose  Representatives  shall  always  be  mem- 
bers of  the  Council;  the  Council  with  like  approval  may  increase  the  number  of 
Members  of  the  League  to  be  selected  by  the  Assembly  for  representation  on  the 
Council. 

The  Council  shall  meet  from  time  to  time,  as  occasion  may  require,  and  at  least 
once  a year,  at  the  Seat  of  the  League,  or  at  such  other  place  as  may  be  decided 
upon. 

The  Council  may  deal  at  its  meetings  with  any  matter  within  the  sphere  of 
action  of  the  League  or  affecting  the  peace  of  the  world. 

Any  Member  of  the  League  not  represented  on  the  Council  shall  be  invited  to 
send  a Representative  to  sit  as  a member  at  any  meeting  of  the  Council  during 
the  consideration  of  matters  specially  affecting  the  interests  of  that  Member  of 
the  League. 

At  meetings  of  the  Council,  each  Member  of  the  League  represented  on  the 
Council  shall  have  one  vote,  and  may  have  not  more  than  one  Representative. 

ARTICLE  V 

Except  where  otherwise  expressly  provided  in  this  Covenant,  or  by  the  terms 
of  this  treaty,  decisions  at  any  meeting  of  the  Assembly  or  of  the  Council  shall 
require  the  agreement  of  all  the  Members  of  the  League  represented  at  the  meeting. 

All  matters  of  procedure  at  meetings  of  the  Assembly  or  of  the  Council,  includ- 
ing the  appointment  of  Committees  to  investigate  particular  matters,  shall  be 
regulated  by  the  Assembly  or  by  the  Council  and  may  be  decided  by  a majority 
of  the  Members  of  the  League  represented  at  the  meeting. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Assembly  and  the  first  meeting  of  the  Council  shall  be 
summoned  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE  VI 

The  permanent  Secretariat  shall  be  established  at  the  Seat  of  the  League. 
The  Secretariat  shall  comprise  a Secretary  General  and  such  secretaries  and  staff 
as  may  be  required. 

The  first  Secretary  General  shall  be  the  person  named  in  the  Annex;  thereafter 
the  Secretary  General  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Council  with  the  approval  of  the 
majority  of  the  Assembly. 

The  secretaries  and  the  staff  of  the  Secretariat  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Sec- 
retary General  with  the  approval  of  the  Council. 

The  Secretary  General  shall  act  in  that  capacity  at  all  meetings  of  the  Assembly 
and  of  the  Council. 


1 25] 


The  expenses  of  the  Secretariat  shall  be  borne  by  the  members  of  the  League  in 
accordance  with  the  apportionment  of  the  expenses  of  the  International  Bureau 
of  the  Universal  Postal  Union. 

ARTICLE  VII 

The  Seat  of  the  League  is  established  at  Geneva. 

The  Council  may  at  any  time  decide  that  the  Seat  of  the  League  shall  be  estab- 
lished elsewhere. 

All  positions  under  or  in  connection  with  the  League,  including  the  Secretariat, 
shall  be  open  equally  to  men  and  women. 

Representatives  of  the  Members  of  the  League  and  officials  of  the  League  when 
engaged  on  the  business  of  the  League  shall  enjoy  diplomatic  privileges  and 
immunities. 

The  buildings  and  other  property  occupied  by  the  League  or  its  officials  or  by 
Representatives  attending  its  meetings  shall  be  inviolable. 

ARTICLE  VIII 

The  Members  of  the  League  recognize  that  the  maintenance  of  peace  requires 
the  reduction  of  national  armaments  to  the  lowest  point  consistent  with  national 
safety  and  the  enforcement  by  common  action  of  international  obligations. 

The  Council,  taking  account  of  the  geographical  situation  and  circumstances 
of  each  State,  shall  formulate  plans  for  such  reduction  for  the  consideration  and 
action  of  the  several  Governments. 

Such  plans  shall  be  subject  to  reconsideration  and  revision  at  least  every  ten 
years. 

After  these  plans  shall  have  been  adopted  by  the  several  Governments,  the  limits 
of  armaments  therein  fixed  shall  not  be  exceeded  without  the  concurrence  of  the 
Council. 

The  Members  of  the  League  agree  that  the  manufacture  by  private  enterprise 
of  munitions  and  implements  of  war  is  open  to  grave  objections.  The  Council 
shall  advise  how  the  evil  effects  attendant  upon  such  manufacture  can  be  pre- 
vented, due  regard  being  had  to  the  necessities  of  those  Members  of  the  League 
which  are  not  able  to  manufacture  the  munitions  and  implements  of  war  necessary 
for  their  safety. 

The  Members  of  the  League  undertake  to  interchange  full  and  frank  infor- 
mation as  to  the  scale  of  their  armaments,  their  military,  naval  and  air  programs, 
and  the  condition  of  such  of  their  industries  as  are  adaptable  to  warlike  purposes. 

ARTICLE  IX 

A permanent  Commission  shall  be  constituted  to  advise  the  Council  on  the 
execution  of  the  provisions  of  Articles  I and  VIII  and  on  military,  naval  and 
air  questions  generally. 

ARTICLE  X 

The  Members  of  the  League  undertake  to  respect  and  preserve  as  against 
external  aggression  the  territorial  integrity  and  existing  political  independence 
of  all  Members  of  the  League.  In  case  of  any  such  aggression  or  in  case  of  any 
threat  or  danger  of  such  aggression  the  Council  shall  advise  upon  the  means  by 
which  this  obligation  shall  be  fulfilled. 

[26] 


ARTICLE  XI 


Any  war  or  threat  of  war,  whether  immediately  affecting  any  of  the  Members 
of  the  League  or  not,  is  hereby  declared  a matter  of  concern  to  the  whole  League, 
and  the  League  shall  take  any  action  that  may  be  deemed  wise  and  effectual  to 
safeguard  the  peace  of  nations.  In  case  any  such  emergency  should  arise  the 
Secretary  General  shall  on  the  request  of  any  Member  of  the  League  forthwith 
summon  a meeting  of  the  Council. 

It  is  also  declared  to  be  the  friendly  right  of  each  Member  of  the  League  to 
bring  to  the  attention  of  the  Assembly  or  of  the  Council  any  circumstance  what- 
ever affecting  international  relations  which  threatens  to  disturb  international 
peace  or  the  good  understanding  between  nations  upon  which  peace  depends. 

• ARTICLE  XII 

The  Members  of  the  League  agree  that  if  there  should  arise  between  them  any 
dispute  likely  to  lead  to  a rupture,  they  will  submit  the  matter  either  to  arbitra- 
tion or  to  inquiry  by  the  Council,  and  they  agree  in  no  case  to  resort  to  war 
until  three  months  after  the  award  by  the  arbitrators  or  the  report  by  the  Council. 

In  any  case  under  this  Article  the  award  of  the  arbitrators  shall  be  made  within 
a reasonable  time,  and  the  report  of  the  Council  shall  be  made  within  six  months 
after  the  submission  of  the  dispute. 

ARTICLE  XIII 

The  Members  of  the  League  agree  that  whenever  any  dispute  shall  arise  be- 
tween them  which  they  recognize  to  be  suitable  for  submission  to  arbitration  and 
which  cannot  be  satisfactorily  settled  by  diplomacy,  they  will  submit  the  whole 
subject  matter  to  arbitration. 

Disputes  as  to  the  interpretation  of  a treaty,  as  to  any  question  of  international 
law,  as  to  the  existence  of  any  fact  which  if  established  would  constitute  a breach 
of  any  international  obligation,  or  as  to  the  extent  and  nature  of  the  reparation 
to  be  made  for  any  such  breach,  are  declared  to  be  among  those  which  are  gener- 
ally suitable  for  submission  to  arbitration. 

For  the  consideration  of  any  such  dispute  the  court  of  arbitration  to  which  the 
case  is  referred  shall  be  the  court  agreed  on  by  the  parties  to  the  dispute  or  stipu- 
lated in  any  convention  existing  between  them. 

The  Members  of  the  League  agree  that  they  will  carry  out  in  full  good  faith 
any  award  that  may  be  rendered  and  that  they  will  not  resort  to  war  against  a 
Member  of  the  League  which  complies  therewith.  In  the  event  of  any  failure  to 
carry  out  such  an  award,  the  Council  shall  propose  what  steps  should  be  taken 
to  give  effect  thereto. 

ARTICLE  XIV 

The  Council  shall  formulate  and  submit  to  the  Members  of  the  League  for 
adoption  plans  for  the  establishment  of  a Permanent  Court  of  International 
Justice.  The  Court  shall  be  competent  to  hear  and  determine  any  dispute  of  an 
international  character  which  the  parties  thereto  submit  to  it.  The  Court  may 
also  give  an  advisory  opinion  upon  any  dispute  or  question  referred  to  it  by  the 
Council  or  by  the  Assembly. 


1 27] 


ARTICLE  XV 


If  there  should  arise  between  Members  of  the  League  any  dispute  likely  to 
lead  to  a rupture,  which  is  not  submitted  to  arbitration  in  accordance  with  Ar- 
ticle XIII,  the  Members  of  the  League  agree  that  they  will  submit  the  matter  to 
the  Council.  Any  party  to  the  dispute  may  effect  such  submission  by  giving 
notice  of  the  existence  of  the  dispute  to  the  Secretary  General,  who  will  make  all 
necessary  arrangements  for  a full  investigation  and  consideration  thereof. 

For  this  purpose  the  parties  to  the  dispute  will  communicate  to  the  Secretary 
General,  as  promptly  as  possible,  statements  of  their  case  with  all  the  relevant 
facts  and  papers,  and  the  Council  may  forthwith  direct  the  publication  thereof. 

The  Council  shall  endeavor  to  effect  a settlement  of  the  dispute,  and  if  such 
efforts  are  successful,  a statement  shall  be  made  public  giving  such  facts  and  ex- 
planations regarding  the  dispute  and  the  terms  of  settlement  thereof  as  the  Council 
may  deem  appropriate. 

If  the  dispute  is  not  thus  settled,  the  Council  either  unanimously  or  by  a 
majority  vote  shall  make  and  publish  a report  containing  a statement  of  the 
facts  of  the  dispute  and  the  recommendations  which  are  deerned  just  and  proper 
in  regard  thereto. 

Any  Member  of  the  League  represented  on  the  Council  may  make  public  a 
statement  of  the  facts  of  the  dispute  and  of  its  conclusions  regarding  the  same. 

If  a report  by  the  Council  is  unanimously  agreed  to  by  the  members  thereof 
other  than  the  Representatives  of  one  or  more  of  the  parties  to  the  dispute,  the 
Members  of  the  League  agree  that  they  will  not  go  to  war  with  any  party  to  the 
dispute  which  complies  with  the  recommendations  of  the  report. 

If  the  Council  fails  to  reach  a report  which  is  unanimously  agreed  to  by  the 
members  thereof,  other  than  the  Representatives  of  one  or  more  of  the  parties  to 
the  dispute,  the  Members  of  the  League  reserve  to  themselves  the  right  to  take 
such  action  as  they  shall  consider  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  right  and 
justice. 

If  the  dispute  between  the  parties  is  claimed  by  one  of  them,  and  is  found  by 
the  Council  to  arise  out  of  a matter  which  by  international  law  is  solely  within 
the  domestic  jurisdiction  of  that  party,  the  Council  shall  so  report,  and  shall  make 
no  recommendation  as  to  its  settlement. 

The  Council  may  in  any  case  under  this  Article  refer  the  dispute  to  the  Assem- 
bly. The  dispute  shall  be  so  referred  at  the  request  of  either  party  to  the  dis- 
pute, provided  that  such  request  be  made  within  fourteen  days  after  the  sub- 
mission of  the  dispute  to  the  Council. 

In  any  case  referred  to  the  Assembly  all  the  provisions  of  this  Article  and  of 
Article  XII  relating  to  the  action  and  powers  of  the  Council  shall  apply  to  the 
action  and  powers  of  the  Assembly,  provided  that  a report  made  by  the  Assembly 
if  concurred  in  by  the  Representatives  of  those  Members  of  the  League  represented 
on  the  Council  and  of  a majority  of  the  other  Members  of  the  League,  exclusive 
in  each  case  of  the  Representatives  of  the  parties  to  the  dispute,  shall  have  the 
same  force  as  a report  by  the  Council  concurred  in  by  all  the  members  thereof 
other  than  the  Representatives  of  one  or  more  of  the  parties  to  the  dispute. 


[28] 


ARTICLE  XVI 


Should  any  Member  of  the  League  resort  to  war  in  disregard  of  its  covenants 
under  Articles  XII,  XIII,  or  XV,  it  shall  ipso  facto  be  deemed  to  have  committed 
an  act  of  war  against  all  other  Members  of  the  League,  which  hereby  undertake 
immediately  to  subject  it  to  the  severance  of  all  trade  or  financial  relations,  the 
prohibition  of  all  intercourse  between  their  nationals  and  the  nationals  of  the 
covenant-breaking  State,  and  the  prevention  of  all  financial,  commercial,  or 
personal  intercourse  between  the  nationals  of  the  covenant-breaking  State  and 
the  nationals  of  any  other  State,  whether  a Member  of  the  League  or  not. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Council  in  such  case  to  recommend  to  the  several 
Governments  concerned  what  effective  military,  naval  or  air  force  the  Members 
of  the  League  shall  severally  contribute  to  the  armed  forces  to  be  used  to  protect 
the  covenants  of  the  League. 

The  Members  of  the  League  agree,  further,  that  they  will  mutually  support  one 
another  in  the  financial  and  economic  measures  which  are  taken  under  this  Article, 
in  order  to  minimize  the  loss  and  inconvenience  resulting  from  the  above  measures, 
and  that  they  will  mutually  support  one  another  in  resisting  any  special  measures 
aimed  at  one  of  their  number  by  the  covenant-breaking  State,  and  that  they  will 
take  the  necessary  steps  to  afford  passage  through  their  territory  to  the  forces  of 
any  of  the  Members  of  the  League  which  are  cooperating  to  protect  the  covenants 
of  the  League. 

Any  Member  of  the  League  which  has  violated  any  covenant  of  the  League  may 
be  declared  to  be  no  longer  a Member  of  the  League  by  a vote  of  the  Council  con- 
curred in  by  the  Representatives  of  all  the  other  Members  of  the  League  repre- 
sented thereon. 


ARTICLE  XVII 

In  the  event  of  a dispute  between  a Member  of  the  League  and  a State  which  is 
not  a Member  of  the  League,  or  between  States  not  Members  of  the  League,  the 
State  or  States  not  Members  of  the  League  shall  be  invited  to  accept  the  obliga- 
tions of  membership  in  the  League  for  the  purposes  of  such  dispute,  upon  such 
conditions  as  the  Council  may  deem  just.  If  such  invitation  is  accepted,  the  pro- 
visions of  Articles  XII  to  XVI  inclusive  shall  be  applied  with  such  modifications 
as  may  be  deemed  necessary  by  the  Council. 

Upon  such  invitation  being  given  the  Council  shall  immediately  institute  an 
inquiry  into  the  circumstances  of  the  dispute  and  recommend  such  action  as  may 
seem  best  and  most  effectual  in  the  circumstances. 

If  a State  so  invited  shall  refuse  to  accept  the  obligations  of  membership  in  the 
League  for  the  purposes  of  such  dispute,  and  shall  resort  to  war  against  a Member 
of  the  League,  the  provisions  of  Article  XVI  shall  be  applicable  as  against  the 
State  taking  such  action. 

If  both  parties  to  the  dispute  when  so  invited  refuse  to  accept  the  obligations 
of  membership  in  the  League  for  the  purposes  of  such  dispute,  the  Council  may 
take  such  measures  and  make  such  recommendations  as  will  prevent  hostilities 
and  will  result  in  the  settlement  of  the  dispute. 


ARTICLE  XVIII 


Every  treaty  or  international  engagement  entered  into  hereafter  by  any  Mem- 
ber of  the  League,  shall  be  forthwith  registered  with  the  Secretariat  and  shall  as 
soon  as  possible  be  published  by  it.  No  such  treaty  or  international  engagement 
shall  be  binding  until  so  registered. 

ARTICLE  XIX 

The  Assembly  may  from  time  to  time  advise  the  reconsideration  by  Members 
of  the  League  of  treaties  which  have  become  inapplicable  and  the  consideration  of 
international  conditions  whose  continuance  might  endanger  the  peace  of  the 
world. 

ARTICLE  XX 

The  Members  of  the  League  severally  agree  that  this  Covenant  is  accepted  as 
abrogating  all  obligations  or  understandings  inter  se  which  are  inconsistent  with 
the  terms  thereof,  and  solemnly  undertake  that  they  will  not  hereafter  enter  into 
any  engagements  inconsistent  with  the  terms  thereof. 

In  case  any  Member  of  the  League  shall,  before  becoming  a Member  of  the 
League,  have  undertaken  any  obligations  inconsistent  with  the  terms  of  this 
Covenant,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  Member  to  take  immediate  steps  to  procure 
its  release  from  such  obligations. 


ARTICLE  XXI 

Nothing  in  this  covenant  shall  be  deemed  to  affect  the  validity  of  international 
engagements,  such  as  treaties  of  arbitration  or  regional  understandings  like  the 
Monroe  Doctrine,  for  securing  the  maintenance  of  peace. 

ARTICLE  XXII 

To  those  colonies  and  territories  which  as  a consequence  of  the  late  war  have 
ceased  to  be  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  States  which  formerly  governed  them 
and  which  are  inhabited  by  peoples  not  yet  able  to  stand  by  themselves  under  the 
strenuous  conditions  of  the  modern  world,  there  should  be  applied  the  principle 
that  the  well-being  and  development  of  such  peoples  form  a sacred  trust  of  civili- 
zation and  that  securities  for  the  performance  of  this  trust  should  be  embodied  in 
this  Covenant. 

The  best  method  of  giving  practical  effect  to  this  principle  is  that  the  tutelage 
of  such  peoples  should  be  entrusted  to  advanced  nations  who  by  reason  of  their 
resources,  their  experience  or  their  geographical  position,  can  best  undertake  this 
responsibility,  and  who  are  willing  to  accept  it,  and  that  this  tutelage  should  be 
exercised  by  them  as  Mandatories  on  behalf  of  the  League. 

The  character  of  the  mandate  must  differ  according  to  the  stage  of  the  develop- 
ment of  the  people,  the  geographical  situation  of  the  territory,  its  economic  con- 
ditions and  other  similar  circumstances. 

Certain  communities  formerly  belonging  to  the  Turkish  Empire  have  reached 
a stage  of  development  where  their  existence  as  independent  nations  can  be  pro- 
visionally recognized  subject  to  the  rendering  of  administrative  advice  and  assis- 

[30] 


tance  by  a Mandatory  until  such  time  as  they  are  able  to  stand  alone.  The  wishes 
of  these  communities  must  be  a principal  consideration  in  the  selection  of  the 
Mandatory. 

Other  peoples,  especially  those  of  Central  Africa,  are  at  such  a stage  that  the 
Mandatory  must  be  responsible  for  the  administration  of  the  territory  under 
conditions  which  will  guarantee  freedom  of  conscience  or  religion,  subject  only  to 
the  maintenance  of  public  order  and  morals,  the  prohibition  of  abuses  such  as  the 
slave  trade,  the  arms  traffic  and  the  liquor  traffic,  and  the  prevention  of  the 
establishment  of  fortifications  or  military  and  naval  bases  and  of  military  train- 
ing of  the  natives  for  other  than  police  purposes  and  the  defence  of  territory,  and 
will  also  secure  equal  opportunities  for  the  trade  and  commerce  of  other  Members 
of  the  League. 

There  are  territories,  such  as  South-west  Africa  and  certain  of  the  South 
Pacific  Islands,  which,  owing  to  the  sparseness  of  their  population,  or  their  small 
size,  or  their  remoteness  from  the  centers  of  civilization,  or  their  geographical 
contiguity  to  the  territory  of  the  Mandatory,  and  other  circumstances,  can  be 
best  administered  under  the  laws  of  the  Mandatory  as  integral  portions  of  its 
territory,  subject  to  the  safeguards  above-mentioned  in  the  interests  of  the 
indigenous  population. 

In  every  case  of  mandate,  the  Mandatory  shall  render  to  the  Council  an 
annual  report  in  reference  to  the  territory  committed  to  its  charge. 

The  degree  of  authority,  control,  or  administration  to  be  exercised  by  the 
Mandatory  shall,  if  not  previously  agreed  upon  by  the  Members  of  the  League, 
be  explicitly  defined  in  each  case  by  the  Council. 

A permanent  Commission  shall  be  constituted  to  receive  and  examine  the 
annual  reports  of  the  Mandatories  and  to  advise  the  Council  on  all  matters  relating 
to  the  observance  of  the  mandates. 

ARTICLE  XXIII 

Subject  to  and  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  international  conventions 
existing  or  hereafter  to  be  agreed  upon,  the  Members  of  the  League  (o)  will 
endeavor  to  secure  and  maintain  fair  and  humane  conditions  of  labor  for  men, 
women  and  children  both  in  their  own  countries  and  in  all  countries  to  which  their 
commercial  and  industrial  relations  extend,  and  for  that  purpose  will  establish 
and  maintain  the  necessary  international  organizations;  (b)  undertake  to  secure 
just  treatment  of  the  native  inhabitants  of  territories  under  their  control;  (c) 
will  entrust  the  League  with  the  general  supervision  over  the  execution  of  agree- 
ments with  regard  to  the  traffic  in  women  and  children,  and  the  traffic  in  opium 
and  other  dangerous  drugs;  (d)  will  entrust  the  League  with  the  general  super- 
vision of  the  trade  in  arms  and  ammunition  with  the  countries  in  which  the  con- 
trol of  this  traffic  is  necessary  in  the  common  interest ; (e)  will  make  provision  to 
secure  and  maintain  freedom  of  communications  and  of  transit  and  equitable 
treatment  for  the  commerce  of  all  Members  of  the  League.  In  this  connection,  the 
special  necessities  of  the  regions  devastated  during  the  war  of  1914-1918  shall  be 
borne  in  mind ; (/)  will  endeavor  to  take  steps  in  matters  of  international  concern 
for  the  prevention  and  control  of  disease. 


ARTICLE  XXIV 


There  shall  be  placed  under  the  direction  of  the  League  all  international  bureaux 
already  established  by  general  treaties  if  the  parties  to  such  treaties  consent. 
All  such  international  bureaux  and  all  commissions  for  the  regulation  of  matters 
of  international  Interest  hereafter  constituted  shall  be  placed  under  the  direction 
of  the  League. 

In  all  matters  of  international  interest  which  are  regulated  by  general  con- 
ventions but  which  are  not  placed  under  the  control  of  international  bureaux  or 
commissions,  the  Secretariat  of  the  League  shall,  subject  to  the  consent  of  the 
Council  and  if  desired  by  the  parties,  collect  and  distribute  all  relevant  information 
and  shall  render  any  other  assistance  which  may  be  necessary  or  desirable. 

The  Council  may  include  as  part  of  the  expenses  of  the  Secretariat  the  ex- 
penses of  any  bureau  or  commission  which  is  placed  under  the  direction  of  the 
League. 

ARTICLE  XXV 

The  Members  of  the  League  agree  to  encourage  and  promote  the  establishment 
and  cooperation  of  duly  authorized  voluntary  national  Red  Cross  organizations 
having  as  purposes  the  improvement  of  health,  the  prevention  of  disease  and  the 
mitigation  of  suffering  throughout  the  world. 

ARTICLE  XXVI 

Amendments  to  this  Covenant  will  take  effect  when  ratified  by  the  Members  of 
the  League  whose  Representatives  compose  the  Council  and  by  a majority  of  the 
Members  of  the  League  whose  Representatives  compose  the  Assembly. 

No  such  amendment  shall  bind  any  Member  of  the  League  which  signifies  its 
dissent  therefrom,  but  in  that  case  it  shall  cease  to  be  a Member  of  the  League. 


ANNEX  TO  THE  COVENANT 

1.  Original  members  of  the  League  of  Nations. 

Signatories  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace. 

United  States  of  America,  Belgium,  Bolivia,  Brazil,  British  Empire 
(Canada,  Australia,  South  Africa,  New  Zealand,  India),  China,  Cuba, 
Czecho-Slovakia,  Ecuador,  France,  Greece,  Guatemala,  Haiti,  Hedjaz, 
Honduras,  Italy,  Japan,  Liberia,  Nicaragua,  Panama,  Peru,  Poland,  Portugal, 
Roumania,  Serbia,  Siam,  Uruguay. 

States  Invited  to  Accede  to  the  Covenant. 

Argentine  Republic,  Chili,  Colombia,  Denmark,  Netherlands,  Norway, 
Paraguay,  Persia,  Salvador,  Spain,  Sweden,  Switzerland,  Venezuela. 

2.  First  Secretary  General  of  the  League  of  Nations 
Sir  James  Eric  Drummond,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B. 


Ill 


QUESTIONS  CONCERNING  THE  COVENANT  OF  THE 
LEAGUE  OF  NATIONS 

1.  Is  the  League  of  Nations  a super-state? 

2.  What  are  the  fundamental  purposes  of  the  League  and  by  what  methods  are 
they  to  be  attained? 

3.  What  incentives  exist  to  States  which  are  not  signatory  to  the  Covenant  to 
apply  for  admission  to  the  League  of  Nations? 

4.  The  word  advise,  a weak  word  ordinarily,  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the 
Covenant.  Why  will  a State  hesitate  to  reject  the  advice  of  the  Assembly 
or  Council? 

5.  Has  any  constitution  ever  been  made  which  adequately  safeguards  everything 
which  should  be  safeguarded? 

6.  What  is  meant  by  the  statement  that  a constitution  must  be  interpreted  in 
the  light  of  its  motive? 

7.  How  can  a State  give  the  “effective  guarantees”  demanded  in  article  I? 

8.  What  are  the  various  ways  provided  in  the  Covenant  by  which  disputes 
between  States  may  be  adjusted  without  conflict  of  arms? 

9.  Has  the  statement  “The  United  States  would  surrender  its  sovereignty  as 
a member  of  the  League  of  Nations”  any  validity? 

10.  When  the  United  States  becomes  a member  of  the  League,  will  any  agency  of 
the  League  of  Nations  have  the  power  to  call  out  the  Army  or  the  Navy  of 
the  United  States? 

11.  Has  the  League  of  Nations  the  power  to  open  the  doors  of  the  United  States 
to  unrestricted  oriental  immigration? 

12.  Will  the  League  of  Nations  end  war? 

13.  Is  the  League  of  Nations  a world  League? 

14.  Are  the  functions  of  the  Council  legislative,  executive  or  judicial,  or  all  three 
or  any  two  of  these?  Of  the  Assembly? 

15.  Where  is  the  seat  of  the  League? 

16.  Has  any  agent  of  the  League  the  power  to  establish  the  seat  of  the  League 
at  some  other  city  than  Geneva? 

17.  How  do  members  of  the  Secretariat  (excluding  the  Secretary  General) 
secure  office? 

18.  Are  small  States  adequately  represented  on  the  Council?  Discuss  the 
question  of  representation  in  the  League  from  the  point  of  view  of  (i)  the 
small  versus  the  large  State;  (2)  self-governing  dominions  or  colonies;  (3) 
minority  parties  within  a State. 

19.  Is  honoring  the  United  States  the  sole  reason  for  designating  our  President 
in  the  provision  stating  “the  first  meeting  of  the  Assembly  and  of  the  Council 
shall  be  summoned  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  America”? 

[33] 


20.  Under  what  circumstance  may  the  Secretary  General  summon  a meeting  of 
the  Council? 

21.  How  are  the  common  expenses  of  the  League  to  be  apportioned? 

22.  How  is  the  permanent  court  of  international  justice  to  be  established?  What 
cases  is  it  competent  to  hear?  What  are  its  advisory  powers? 

23.  What  permanent  commissions  and  bureaux  are  provided  for  in  the  Covenant? 

24.  What  position  is  taken  by  the  League  in  regard  to  international  bureaux 
established  by  general  treaties? 

25.  What  provision  is  made  in  the  Covenant  concerning  National  Red  Cross 
organizations? 

26.  By  what  logic  was  the  provision  made  in  the  Covenant  by  which  members  of 
the  League  agree  to  reduce  their  armaments  to  the  lowest  point  consistent 
with  national  safety? 

37.  Why  is  the  manufacture  of  munitions  and  implements  of  war,  by  private 
enterprise,  open  to  grave  objections? 

28.  Why  are  members  of  the  League  required  to  exchange  full  and  frank  informa- 
tion concerning  the  scale  of  their  armaments,  their  military,  naval  and 
air  programs  and  the  condition  of  such  of  their  industries  ns  are  adaptable 
to  warlike  purposes? 

29.  What  difference  in  the  meaning  of  article  X would  be  created  by  the  omission 
of  the  words  “external  aggression”? 

30.  What  penalties  will  be  applied,  by  the  League,  to  a State  which  breaks  its 
covenants  concerning  the  settlement  of  disputes? 

31.  What  penalty  can  be  applied,  by  the  League,  to  a State  which  breaks  any 
article  of  the  Covenant? 

32.  Are  penalties  ever  to  be  inflicted  upon  a non-member  State? 

33.  What  treaties  must  be  abrogated  by  States  that  become  members  of  the 
League? 

34.  Is  the  United  States  party  to  any  treaty  which  must  be  abrogated? 

35.  What  are  the  “nationals”  of  a State? 

36.  Is  there  any  State  in  the  world  today  which  could  carry  on  a normal  life  if  all 
trade  and  financial  relations  were  severed  between  it  and  the  rest  of  the  world? 

37.  Describe  the  situation  that  will  develop  in  a State  when  the  economic  boycott 
is  applied  by  the  League. 

38.  How  will  the  League  secure  the  military,  naval  and  air  forces  necessary  to 
maintain  an  economic  boycott? 

39.  What  principles  (not  stated  in  t|^e  Covenant)  were  drawn  up  by  the  Peace 
Conference  to  guide  the  policy  of  the  League  where  labor  questions  are 
concerned? 

40.  Has  the  League  of  Nations  any  power  to  act  in  reference  to  white  slavery? 

41.  Why  is  it  advisable  for  the  League  to  supervise  the  necessary  trade  in  arms 
and  ammunition? 

42.  Why  should  freedom  of  communication  and  of  transit  and  equitable  treatment 
for  the  commerce  of  all  members  of  the  League  be  maintained?  Should  this 
freedom  and  equitable  treatment  be  maintained  for  non-member  States? 

43.  What  provision  is  made  in  the  Covenant  concerning  the  prevention  and 
control  of  disease? 

44.  There  are  five  methods,  provided  in  the  Covenant,  by  means  of  which  dis- 
putes may  be  settled  without  recourse  to  arms.  What  are  they? 

[34] 


45-  What  types  of  disputes  are  suitable  for  submission  to  arbitration? 

46.  Define  mandate,  mandatory,  self-governing  State,  high  contracting  party, 
member  of  the  League,  backward  people  and  advanced  nation. 

47.  What  qualifications  are  mentioned  in  the  Covenant  as  necessary  for  States 
that  are  to  act  as  mandatories? 

48.  To  what  colonies  and  territories  does  the  principle  of  mandatory  supervision 
apply? 

49.  Do  the  colonies  and  territories  select  their  own  mandatories? 

50.  Will  any  State  be  required,  without  its  consent,  to  act  as  a mandatory? 

51.  In  what  way  is  the  authority  of  the  mandatory  State  regulated  by  the  League? 

52.  Upon  what  does  the  character  of  the  mandate  depend? 

53.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  mandatory  commission? 

54.  What  is  meant  by  “regional  understandings”? 

55.  Why  are  diplomatic  immunities  advisable  for  representatives  of  the  League 
while  these  representatives  are  engaged  on  business  for  the  League? 

56.  Why  does  the  Covenant  declare  the  principle  of  extra-territoriality  for 
property  occupied  by  the  League  or  its  officials? 

57.  Under  what  circumstances  may  temporary  members  be  added  to  the  Council? 

58.  How  may  permanent  additional  members  be  added  to  the  Council? 

59.  By  whom  are  the  original  limitations  of  armament  determined?  How  may 
the  limits  for  armament  be  exceeded  after  they  are  once  adopted? 

60.  What  are  the  powers  of  the  permanent  military,  naval  and  air  commission? 

61.  What  is  the  rule  of  unanimity?  Discuss  the  advisability  of  this  rule. 

62.  What  exceptions  to  the  rule  of  unanimous  vote  are  made  in  the  Covenant? 

63.  What  conditions  govern  the  admission  of  new  States  into  the  League? 

64.  In  addition  to  withdrawal  from  the  League  after  two  years  notice  what  other 
methods  exist  by  which  the  relations  between  a member  and  the  League  may 
be  severed? 

65.  What  is  the  status  of  a State  not  in  the  League? 

66.  Is  there  any  intention  on  the  part  of  the  League  to  coerce  a State  not  in  the 
League? 

67.  International  cooperation  might  take  place  for  unworthy  purposes;  what 
assurance  does  the  Covenant  give  that  this  is  not  the  type  of  cooperation 
referred  to  in  the  preamble? 

68.  What  three  ways  are  provided  in  the  Covenant  by  which  States  secure  mem- 
bership in  the  League? 

69.  Name  the  various  agencies  of  the  League. 

70.  How  many  representatives  may  be  sent  by  a State  to  the  Assembly?  the 
Council? 

71.  Are  there  any  reasons  why  the  Council  and  the  Assembly  may  hold  their 
meetings  wherever  they  choose  while  the  Secretariat  is  required  to  be  at  the 
seat  of  the  League? 

72.  Over  what  matters  does  the  Assembly  have  jurisdiction?  The  Council?  Is 
there  any  danger  of  conflicting  decisions  as  a result  of  overlapping  jurisdic- 
tions? 

73.  How  is  the  procedure  of  the  Assembly  to  be  regulated?  The  Council? 

74.  What  are  the  powers  of  the  Assembly  as  specified  in  the  Covenant?  Of  the 
Council? 

75.  Are  the  powers  of  the  Assembly  inferior  or  superior  to  those  of  the  Council? 

[35] 


76.  How  are  the  four  States  to  be  chosen  that  are  to  serve  with  the  five  States 
named  as  members  of  the  Council? 

77.  Is  there  a provision  in  the  Convenant  which  makes  it  possible  to  increase  the 
number  of  States  to  be  represented  on  the  Council?  If  so,  what  is  the  pro- 
vision? 

78.  If  any  member  of  the  League  is  aware  of  circumstances  which  threaten  to 
disturb  either  the  peace  or  the  good  understanding  between  nations  upon 
which  peace  rests,  what  action  is  it  proper  for  that  member  to  take? 

79.  What  provision  is  made  in  the  Covenant,  for  the  time  of  meeting  of  the 
Assembly  and  of  the  Council? 

80.  Who  is  the  first  Secretary  General?  How  does  the  Secretary  General  secure 
office? 


INDEX 

EXAMPLE  ILLUSTRATING  FORM  OF  INDEX 


Arbitration,  15,  V-G;  27,  XII  and  27,  XIII.  16-17,  VII-B-3  and  4;  27, 
XIII  and  XIV. 

Explanation:  On  page  15  part  V-G  of  the  outline  there  is  a reference  to 
arbitration.  The  authorities  for  this  reference  are  two,  article  XII  on  page  27 
and  article  XIII  on  page  27.  On  pages  16  and  17  additional  references  to  ar- 
bitration are  made  in  VII-B-3  and  VII-B-4  of  the  outline.  The  authorities 
for  these  references  are  found  on  page  27  in  article  XIII  and  on  page  27  in  article 
XIV.  The  use  of  the  index  is  made  easier  if  it  is  remembered  that  any  page 
number  higher  than  23  refers  to  the  Covenant. 

Abrogation  of  treaties,  15,  V-I-2;  30,  XX. 

Accession  to  membership,  7,  III-B;  24,  I. 

Admission  of  States,  22,  VII-T;  24,  I. 

Advising — 

Assembly,  by  court,  13,  IV-D-3;  27,  XIV. 

Council,  by  court,  13,  IV-D-3;  27,  XIV. 

Advisory  opinions  of  court,  see  “court.” 

Agencies  of  the  League — 8,  IV. 

Assembly,  8,  IV-A;  many  articles,  see  outline, 
bureaux,  13,  IV-E;  31,  XXIII  and  32,  XXIV. 
commissions,  13,  IV-E;  26,  IX  and  31,  XXII. 

Council,  9,  IV-B;  many  articles,  see  outline. 

permanent  court  of  international  justice,  13,  IV-D;  27,  XIV. 

Secretariat,  12,  IV-C;  many  articles,  see  outline. 

Agents  of  League,  see  “mandatories.” 

Agreements  of  member  States,  14,  V;  many  articles,  see  outline. 

Air  forces,  II,  IV-B-8-n;  29,  XVI.  17-18,  VII-C-3-a:  29,  XVI. 

Amendments — 

ratification  of,  23,  VIII-A;  32,  XXVI. 
binding  power  of,  23,  VIII-B;  32,  XXVI. 

Annual  reports,  19,  VII-E-6;  31,  XXII.  12,  IV-B-8-s;  31,  XXII. 
Appointment  of  committees — 

Assembly,  8,  IV-A-6:  25,  V.  See  22,  VII-U,  of  outline. 

Council,  10,  IV-B-6:  25,  V.  See  22,  VII-U,  of  outline. 

Appointment  of  Secretary  General,  see  “Secretary  General.” 

Apportionment  of  expenses,  13,  IV-C-5;  26,  VI. 

Arbitration,  15,  V-G;  27,  XII  and  27,  XIII.  16-17,  VII~B-3  and  4;  27, 
XIII  and  XIV. 

Argentine  Republic,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

[37] 


Armaments — 

advisory  commission  concerning,  21,  VII-Q-note;  26,  IX. 

agreements  of  members,  14,  V-C;  26,  VIII. 

consent  to  exceed  limits,  21,  VII-Q-4;  26,  VIII. 

reconsideration  of  plans  concerning,  10,  IV-B-S-d;  26,  VIII. 

reduction  of,  21,  VII-Q;  26,  VIII. 

self  decision  by  States,  21,  VII-Q-3:  26,  VIII. 

Arms  and  ammunition,  supervision  of  trade  in,  16,  VI-D;  31,  XXIII.  20, 
VII-J;  31,  XXIII. 

Assembly — 8,  IV-A;  many  articles,  see  outline. 

appointment  of  committees,  8,  IV-A-6;  25,  V.  See  22,  VII-U,  of  outline, 
creation,  8,  IV-A-i;  24,  II. 

decisions,  8,  IV-A-7;  25,  V.  See  22,  VII-U,  of  outline, 
jurisdiction,  8,  IV-A-5;  24,  III. 
meeting,  first,  8,  IV-A-3-C;  25,  V. 

meetings,  time  and  place  of,  8,  IV-A-3-a  and  b;  24,  III. 

members,  8,  IV-A-2:  24,  III. 

powers  or  duties  relating  to,  8,  IV-A-8. 

addition  of  permanent  members  to  Council,  8,  IV-A-8-b;  25,  IV. 
consideration  of  disturbing  international  conditions,  9,  IV-A-8-g;  30,  XIX. 
members  of  Council,  8,  IV-A-8-a  and  b;  25,  IV. 
reconsideration  of  treaties,  9,  IV-A-8-f;  30,  XIX. 

Secretary  General,  participation  in  election  of,  8,  IV-A-8-c;  25,  VI. 
selection  of  temporary  members  of  Council,  8,  IV-A-8-a;  25,  IV. 
settling  disputes,  9,  IV-A-8-e;  28,  XV. 

statements  concerning  disturbance  of  peace,  9,  IV-A-8-d;  27,  XI. 
statements  from  member  States,  9,  IV-A-8-d;  27,  XL 
statements  regarding  disputes,  9,  IV-A-8-e;  28,  XV. 
procedure,  8,  IV-A-6;  25,  V. 
system  of  voting,  8,  IV-A-4;  24,  III. 

Australia,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Award,  il,  IV-B-8-j;  27,  XIII. 

Belgium,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex.  9,  IV-B-2-a;  25,  IV. 

Binding  power  of  amendments,  23,  VIII-B;  32,  XXVI. 

Bolivia,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Brazil,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex.  9,  IV-B-2-a;  25,  IV. 

British  Empire,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex.  9,  IV-B-2-a;  25,  IV. 

Bureaux — 

already  established  by  treaties,  23,  VII-Z-i ; 32,  XXIV. 
expenses  of,  12,  IV-B-8-u;  32,  XXIV:  23,  VII-Z-3;  32,  XXIV. 
to  be  hereafter  constituted,  23,  VII-Z-2;  32,  XXIV. 

Canada,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Central  Africa,  peoples  of,  19,  VII-E-8-b;  31,  XXII. 

Character  of  mandate,  19,  VII-E-4;  30-31,  XXII. 

Children — 

labor  conditions  of,  14,  IV-E-5;  31,  XXIII.  15,  VI-A;  31,  XXIII. 
protection  of,  16,  VI-C;  31,  XXIII. 

[38] 


Chili,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

China,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Colombia,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

Colonies,  18,  VII-E-i:  30,  XXII.  19,  VII-E-7;  31,  XXII.  19  and  20,  VII- 
E-8-a,  b and  c;  30-31,  XXII. 

Commerce,  16,  VI-E;  31,  XXIII.  19,  VII-E-8-b-7;  31,  XXII. 

Commission — 

advisory  to  Council  on  armaments  and  armed  forces,  13,  IV-E-i;  26,  IX. 
expenses  of,  12,  I V-B-8-u;  32,  XXIV.  23,  VII-Z-3;  32,  XXIV. 
to  receive  and  examine  reports  of  mandatories,  14,  IV-E-2;  31,  XXII. 
Committees — 

Assembly,  8,  IV-A-6;  25,  V.  See  22,  VII-U,  of  outline. 

Council,  10,  IV-B-6;  25,  V.  See  22,  VII-U,  of  outline. 

Competency  of  court,  see  “court.” 

Conditions  under  which  States  are  admitted,  22,  VII-T ; 24,  I. 

Consent  of  mandatory  and  colony,  19,  VII-E-7;  30-31,  XXII. 

Consent  to  exceed  armament  limits,  10,  IV-B-8-e:  26,  VIII. 

Cooperation,  international,  7,  I-A;  24,  preamble. 

Council — 

appointment  of  committees,  10,  IV-B-6:  • 25,  V.  See  22,  VII-U,  of  outline. 

creation,  9,  IV-B-i;  24,  II. 

decisions,  10,  IV-B-7;  25,  V. 

jurisdiction,  10,  IV-BB;  25,  IV. 

meeting,  first,  10,  IV-c-3-c;  25,  V. 

meetings,  time  and  pla  e of,  10,  IV-B-3-a  and  b;  25,  IV. 
members — 9,  IV-B-2;  25,  IV. 

additional  permanent,  8,  IV-A-8-b;  25,  IV. 
original,  9,  IV-B-2-a;  25,  IV. 

temporary,  8,  IV-A-8-a;  25,  IV.  9,  IV-B-2-a;  25,  IV. 
visiting,  9,  IV-B-2-c;  25,  IV. 
powers  or  duties  relating  to — 

action  in  disputes  of  non-member  States,  12,  IV-B-8-p,  q and  r;  29,  XVII. 
annual  reports  from  mandatories,  12,  IV-B-8-s;  31,  XXII. 
appointment  of  Secretary  General,  10,  IV-B-8-a;  25,  VI. 
appointments  to  staff  of  Secretariat,  10,  IV-B-8-b:  25,  VI. 
armaments — ■ 

consent  to  exceed  limits,  10,  IV-B-8-e;  26,  VIII. 
reduction  of,  10,  IV-B-8-d;  26,  VIII.  21,  VII-Q;  26,  VIII. 
revision  of  plans  concerning,  10,  IV-B-8-d;  26,  VIII. 
articles  XII-XVI,  12,  IV-B-8-p:  29,  XVII. 
case  in  domestic  jurisdiction,  ii,  IV-B-8-I-3;  28,  XV. 
collection  and  distribution  of  material  by  Secretariat,  12,  IV-B-8-v;  32, 
XXIV. 

contribution  of  forces,  ii,  IV-B-8-n;  29,  XVI. 
degree  of  authority  of  mandatories,  12,  IV-B-8-t;  31,  XXII. 
establishment  of  permanent  court,  ii,  IV-B-8-k;  27,  XIV. 
expenses  of  bureaux  and  commissions,  12,  IV-B-8-u;  32,  XXIV. 
expulsion  of  covenant-breaking  State,  12,  IV-B-8-0;  29,  XVI. 
external  aggression,  ii,  IV-B-8-g;  26,  X. 

[39  ] 


Council — {continued) 

powers  or  duties  relating  to — 

fulfilling  obligations  under  article  X,  ii,  IV-B-8-g:  26,  X. 
inquiry  in  submitted  disputes,  ii,  IV-B-S-i;  27,  XII. 
manufacture  of  munitions  of  war,  10,  IV-B-8-f;  26,  VIII. 
measures  to  prevent  hostilities,  12,  IV-B-8-r;  29,  XVII. 
referring  dispute  to  Assembly,  ii,  IV-B-8-m;  28,  XV. 
seat  of  League,  10,  IV-B-S-c;  26,  VII. 
settlement  of  submitted  dispute,  ii,  IV-B-8-1;  28,  XV. 
statement  of  non-settlement  of  dispute,  il,  IV-B-8-I-2;  28,  XV.  See  22 
VII-U,  of  outline. 

statement  of  settlement  of  dispute,  ii,  IV-B-8-I-1;  28,  XV. 
statements  in  regard  to  disturbances  of  peace,  ii,  IV-B-8-h;  27,  XI. 
steps  to  make  arbitration  award  effective,  ii,  IV-B-8-j;  27,  XIII. 
procedure,  10,  IV-B-6;  25,  V. 
system  of  voting,  10,  IV-B-4;  25,  IV. 

Court  of  International  Justice — -13,  IV-D;  27,  XIV. 
advisory  opinions,  13,  IV-D-3;  27,  XIV. 
arbitration  by,  16,  VII-B-4;  27,  XIII  and  XIV. 
competency,  13,  IV-D-2;  27,  XIV. 
establishment  of,  13,  IV-D-i;  27,  XIV. 

Covenant,  24-32. 

Covenant-breaking  State,  12,  IV-B-8-0;  32,  XXIV.  15,  V-H;  29,  XVI. 
Cuba,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Czecho-Slovakia,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Decisions— 

rule  of  unanimity,  see  “rule.” 

exceptions  to  rule  of  unanimity,  see  “exceptions.” 

Denmark,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

Diplomacy,  16,  VII-B-i;  27,  XIII. 

Diplomatic  immunities,  20,  VII-O-i;  26,  VII. 

Disapproval  of  amendment,  23,  VIII-B;  32,  XXVI. 

Disease,  prevention  and  control  of,  16,  VI-F;  31,  XXIII.  20,  VII-L;  31 
XXIII. 

Disputes — 

arrangements  for  investigation  of,  13,  IV-C-4-c;  28,  XV. 
concerning  non-member  States,  12,  IV-B-8-p;  29,  XVII.  I7i  Vll-C-i-b; 
29,  XVII. 

methods  of  adjusting,  16,  VII-B;  27,  XII,  XIII,  XIV,  28,  XV. 
notice  of,  received  by  Secretary  General,  13,  IV-C-4-c;  28,  XV. 
referred  to  Assembly  by  Council,  ii,  IV-B-8-m;  28,  XV.  17,  VII-B-5 
28,  XV. 

referred  to  Assembly  by  request,  17,  VII-B-5;  28,  XV. 
referred  to  Council,  ii,  IV-B-8-i;  27,  XII. 
referred  to  a court  agreed  upon,  16,  VII-B-3;  27,  XIII. 
referred  to  permanent  Court,  16-17,  VII-B-4;  27,  XIV. 


[40] 


Disputes — {continued) 

reports  concerning,  ii,  IV-B-8-l-i,  2 and  3;  28,  XV. 
submitted  to  arbitration,  16,  VII-B-a;  27,  XII,  28,  XV. 
suitable  for  submission  to  arbitration,  16-17,  VII-B-4-a,  b,  c and  d;  27, XIII. 
Domestic  jurisdiction,  ir,  IV-B-8-I-3;  28,  XV. 

Drugs,  16,  VI-C;  31,  XXIII. 

Drummond,  Sir  James  Eric,  9,  IV-A-8-c;  25,  VI,  32,  annex. 

Duties  of  Secretary  General,  see  “Secretary  General.” 

Ecuador,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Equitable  commercial  opportunity,  16,  VI-E;  31,  XXIII:  20,  VII-K;  31, 
XXIII. 

Establishment  of  court,  see  “court.” 

Exceptions  to  rule  of  unanimity,  22,  VII-U;  25,  IV,  V,  VI,  28,  XV. 

Exchange  of  military,  naval  and  air  information,  14,  V-E;  26,  VIII. 

Expenses  of  bureaux  and  commissions,  12,  IV-B-8-u;  32,  XXIV.  20,  VII-N- 
2;  32,  XXIV. 

Expenses  of  Secretariat,  13,  IV-C-5;  26,  VI.  14,  V-B;  26,  VI.  20,  VII- 
N-i;  26,  VI:  12,  IV-B-8-u:  32,  XXIV. 

Expulsion  of  covenant-breaking  State,  I2,  IV-B-8--0;  29,  XVI.  17,  VII-C- 
2-b;  29,  XVI:  22,  VII-W-2;  29,  XVI. 

External  aggression,  15- V-F;  26,  X.  23,  VII-X;  26,  X. 

Extra  representation  on  Council,  21,  VII-P;  25,  IV. 

Extra-territoriality,  21,  VII-O-2;  26,  VII. 

First  meeting — 

Assembly,  8,  IV-A-3-C;  25,  V. 

Council,  10,  IV~B-3-c;  25,  V. 

Forces,  contribution  of,  ii,  IV-B-8-n;  29,  XVI. 

France,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex.  9,  iy-B-2-a:  25,  IV. 

Freedom  of  conscience,  19,  VII-E-8-b-2;  31,  XXII. 

Freedom  of  transit,  16,  VI~E;  31,  XXIII:  20,  VII-K;  31,  XXIII. 

Future  treaties,  18,  VII-D-4;  30,  XX. 

General  agreement  of  member  States,  14,  V-A;  24,  preamble. 

General  provisions  of  Covenant,  16,  VII. 

Geneva,  16,  VII-A-i;  26,  VII. 

Good  understanding,  9,  IV-A-8-d;  27,  XI. 

Greece,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex.  9,  IV-B-2-a;  25,  IV. 

Guatemala,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Haiti,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Health,  16,  VI-F;  31,  XXIII.  20,  VII-L;  31,  XXHI. 

Hedjaz,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

High  Contracting  Parties,  24,  preamble. 

Honduras,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Hostilities,  prevention  of,  12,  IV-B-8-r;  29,  XVII. 

Immunities,  see  “diplomatic.” 

India,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

[41] 


Information,  exchange  of,  14,  V-E;  26,  VIII. 

Inquiry  in  submitted  disputes,  16,  VII-B-2;  27,  XII  and  28,  XV. 

Intercourse,  prohibition  of,  17,  VII-C-2-a-3;  29,  XVI. 

International  conditions,  consideration  of,  9,  IV-A-8-g;  30,  XIX:  ii,  IV- 
B-8-h;  27,  XI. 

International  cooperation,  7,  I-A;  24,  preamble. 

International  engagements,  20,  VII-F;  30,  XXI. 

International  law  as  the  rule  of  conduct,  7,  II-C;  24,  preamble. 

International  organizations,  14,  IV-E-5;  31,  XXIII. 

International  peace,  7,  I-B;  24,  preamble. 

International  relations,  7,  I I-B;  24,  preamble. 

International  security,  7,  I-B;  24,  preamble. 

Italy,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex.  9,  IV-B-2-a;  25,  IV. 

Japan,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex.  9,  IV-B-2-a;  25,  IV. 

Jurisdiction  of  Assembly,  see  “Assembly.” 

Jurisdiction  of  Council,  see  “Council.” 

Justiciable  disputes,  16-17,  VII-B-4;  27,  XIII. 

Labor — 

conditions  of,  14,  IV-E-5;  31,  XXIII:  15,  VI-A;  31,  XXIII.  20,  VII-G; 
31,  XXIII. 

international  organization  in  regard  to,  14,  IV-E-5;  31,  XXIII. 

Law,  international,  7,  II-C;  24,  preamble. 

Liberia,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Limitations  upon  mandatory,  19,  VII-E-5;  30-31,  XXII. 

Liquor  traffic,  19,  VII-E-8-b-4;  31,  XXII. 

Maintenance  of  justice,  7,  II-D;  24,  preamble. 

Mandates  and  mandatories — 18-20,  VII-E;  30-31,  XXII. 
annual  reports,  12,  IV-B-8-s;  31,  XXII.  19,  VII-E-6;  31,  XXII.  15. 
V-J;  31.  XXII. 

character  of  mandate,  19,  VII-E-4;  30,  XXII. 

colonies  and  territories  concerned,  18,  VII-E-i;  30-31,  XXII. 

consent  as  a factor,  19,  VII-E-7;  30-31,  XXII. 

degree  of  authority,  12,  IV-B-8-t;  31,  XXII.  19,  VII-E-5;  31,  XXII. 

examples  of  colonies,  19-20,  VII-E-8;  30-31,  XXII. 

limitations  upon  mandatory,  19,  VII-E-5;  31,  XXII. 

principle  to  be  applied,  18,  VII-E-2;  30,  XXII. 

type  of  nation  to  act,  18,  VII-E-3;  30,  XXII. 

Meetings — 

Assembly,  8,  IV-A-3;  24,  III  and  25,  V. 

Council,  10,  IV-B-3;  25,  IV  and  25,  V. 
summoned  by  Secretary  General,  13,  IV-C-4-b;  27,  XL 
Members — 

Assembly,  8,  IV-A-2;  24,  III. 

Council,  8,  IV-A-8-a  and  b;  25,  IV.  9,  IV-B-2;  25,  IV.  See  “Council 

members.” 


[42] 


Members  of  League — 7,  III;  24,  I and  32,  annex, 
original,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

States  admitted  under  conditions,  7,  III~B-2;  24,  I.  22,  VII-T;  24,  I. 
States  not  signatory  named  in  annex,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

Methods  of  achieving  purposes,  7,  II;  24,  preamble. 

Methods  of  adjusting  disputes,  16-17,  VII-B;  many  articles,  see  outline. 
Military  forces,  II,  I V-B-8-n;  29,  XVI.  17-18,  VII-C-3-a;  29,  XVI. 
Military  training,  19,  VII-E-8-b-6;  31,  XXII. 

Monroe  Doctrine,  20,  VII-F;  30,  XXI. 

Munitions  of  war,  14,  V-D;  26,  VIII.  21,  VII-R;  26,  VIII. 

Mutual  support  to  enforce  penalties,  18,  VII-C-3-b;  29,  XVI. 

National  Red  Cross,  15,  V-K;  32,  XXV.  20,  VII-M;  32,  XXV. 
Nationals,  17,  VII-C-2-a-3  and  4;  29,  XVI. 

Natives,  treatment  of,  16,  VI-B;  31,  XXIII.  20,  VII-H;  31,  XXIII. 
Naval  forces,  II,  I V-B-8-n;  29,  XVI;  17-18,  VII-C-3-a;  29,  XVI. 
Netherlands,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

New  Zealand,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Nicaragua,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Non-members  of  League,  23,  VII-Y-i,  2 and  3;  29,  XVII. 

Norway,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 


Obligations  not  to  r^ort  to  war,  7,  II-A;  24,  preamble. 
Open,  just  and  honorable  relations,  7,  II-B;  24,  preamble. 
Organizations,  international,  14,  IV-E-5;  31,  XXIII. 
Outline  of  Covenant,  7-23. 


Panama,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Paraguay,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

Passage  of  troops,  18,  VII-C-3-c;  29,  XVI. 

Peace — 

disturbance  of,  9,  IV-A-8-g;  30,  XIX.  ii,  IV-B-8-h;  27,  XL 
international,  7,  I-B;  24,  preamble. 

Penalties — 

method  of  enforcing,  17-18,  VII-C-3;  29,  XVI. 

nature  of,  17,  VII-C-2;  29,  XVI. 

when  applied,  17,  VII-C-i ; 29,  XVI  and  XVII. 

Persia,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

Peru,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Poland,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Political  independence,  15,  V-F;  26,  X.  23,  VII-X;  26,  X. 
Portugal,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Powers — 

Assembly,  see  “Assembly,  powers.” 

Council,  see  “Council,  powers.” 

President  of  the  United  States,  8,  IV-A-3-c;  25,  V. 

Private  manufacture  of  munitions  of  war,  21,  VII-R;  26,  VIII. 

[43  ] 


Procedure — 

Assembly,  8,  IV-A-6;  25,  V. 

Council,  10,  IV-B-6;  25,  V. 
in  time  of  war,  21,  VII-S;  27,  XI. 

Prohibition  of  intercourse,  17,  VII-C-2-a-3  and  4;  29,  XVI. 

Publication  of  treaties,  18,  VII-D-i;  30,  XVIII. 

Public  health,  16,  VI-F;  31,  XXIII. 

Public  order  and  morals,  in  colonies,  19,  VII-E-8-b-3;  31,  XXII. 

Purposes,  7,  I-A  and  B;  24,  preamble. 

Questions  on  the  Covenant,  33-36.  (The  separate  questions  are  not  indexed.) 

Reconsideration  of  treaties,  18,  VII-D-2;  30,  XIX. 

Red  Cross,  15,  V-K;  32,  XXV.  20,  VII-M;  32,  XXV. 

Referring  disputes,  see  “disputes.” 

Regional  understandings,  20,  VII-F;  30,  XXI. 

Registration  of  treaties,  18,  VII-D-i;  30,  XVIII. 

Reparation,  17,  VII-B-4-d;  27,  XIII. 

Reports  of  Assembly  and  Council — 
disputes  in  domestic  jurisdiction,  ii,  IV-B-8-I-3;  28,  XV. 
settled  disputes,  9,  IV-A-8-e;  28,  XV.  ii,  IV-B-8-I-1;  28,  XV. 
special  provision  concerning  Assembly  reports,  9,  IV-A-8-e;  28,  XV. 
unsettled  disputes,  ii,  IV-B-8-I-2;  28,  XV. 

Report  of  mandatory  State,  12,  IV-B-8-s;  31,  XXII.  19,  VII-E-6;  31, 

XXII.  15,  V-J;  31,  XXII. 

Representation  on  Council,  9,  IV-B-2-a,  b and  c;  25,  IV. 

Representative,  Council,  10,  IV-B-4;  25,  IV. 

Representatives,  Assembly,  8,  IV-A-2;  24,  III. 

Respect  for  treaty  obligations,  15,  V-I;  30,  XVIII  and  XX. 

Revision  of  plans  concerning  reduction  of  armaments,  see  “armaments.” 
Roumania,  7,  II I-A;  32,  annex. 

Rule  of  unanimity,  8,  IV-A-7;  25,  V.  10,  IV-B-7;  25,  V.  See  “exceptions.” 

Salvador,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

Seat  of  League — 

changing,  16,  VII-A-2;  26,  VII. 
established,  16,  VII-A-i;  26,  VII. 

Secretariat — 12-13,  IV-C;  24,  II,  25,  VI,  27,  XI,  28,  XV,  30,  XVIII  and  32, 
XXIV. 

creation,  12,  IV-C-i;  24,  II. 
expenses,  13,  IV-C-5;  26,  VI. 
included  expenses,  12,  IV-B-8-u;  32,  XXIV. 
officers,  personnel,  12,  IV-C-3-a;  25,  VI. 
officers,  selection  of,  12,  IV-C-3-b;  25,  VI. 

Secretary  General — 

appointment  of,  12-13,  IV-C-3-b;  25,  VI.  10,  IV-B-8-a;  25,  VI.  8-9, 
IV-A-8-c:  25,  VI. 

appointments  by,  13,  IV-C-3-b;  25,  VI. 

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Secretary  General — {continued) 


duties— 13,  IV-C-4:  25,  VI,  27,  XI,  28,  XV,  30,  XVIII,  32,  XXIV. 
acting  at  Assembly  and  Council  meetings,  13,  IV-C-4-a;  25,  VI. 
collecting  and  distributing  material,  13,  IV-C-4-e;  32,  XXIV. 
publishing  registered  treaties,  13,  IV-C-4-d;  30,  XVIII. 
receiving  notice  of  a dispute,  13,  IV-C-4-c;  28,  XV. 
summoning  meetings  of  Council,  i3,IV-C-4-b;  27,  XI. 

Security,  see  “international.” 

Serbia,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Settlement  of  disputes,  16-17,  VII-B;  27,  XII,  XIII  and  XIV,  28,  XV. 
Severance  of  financial  relations,  17,  VII-C-2-a-2;  29,  XVI. 

Severance  of  relations  between  League  and  a member,  22-23,  VII-W;  24,  I, 
29,  XVI,  32,  XXVI. 

Severance  of  Trade  relations,  17,  VII-C-2-a-i;  29,  XVI. 

Siam,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Six  months.  Council  report  within,  ii,  IV-B-8-i;  27,  XII.  16,  VII-B-2; 

27,  XII. 

South  Africa,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

South  Pacific  Islands,  20,  VII-E-8-c;  31,  XXII. 

South-West  Africa,  20,  VII-E-8-c;  31,  XXII. 

Spain,  7,  III-B-i ; 32,  annex.  9,  IV-B-2-a;  25,  IV. 

State — see  “members”  and  “non-members.” 

covenant-breaking,  17,  Vll-C-i-a;  29,  XVI:  17,  VII-C-2-b;  29,  XVI. 
mandatory,  see  “mandates.” 

Statements  from  member  States,  9,  IV-A-8-d;  27,  XI:  ii,  IV-B-8-h;  27,  XI. 
Submitted  disputes,  see  “disputes,”  “inquiry.” 

Supervision  of  arms  and  ammunition  trade,  16,  VI-D;  31,  XXIII.  20,  VII-J; 
31,  XXIII. 

Sweden,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

Switzerland,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

System  of  voting — 

Assembly,  8,  IV-A-4;  24,  III. 

Council,  10,  IV-B-4;  25,  IV.  ' 


Territorial  integrity,  15,  V-F;  26,  X.  23,  VII-X;  26,  X. 

Text  of  the  Covenant  of  the  League  of  Nations,  24-32. 

Traffic  in  women,  children  and  dangerous  drugs,  16,  VI-C;  31,  XXIII. 
Transit,  16,  VI-E;  31,  XXIII. 

Treaties — 

abrogation  of,  15,  V-I-2;  30,  XX.  18,  VII-D-3;  30,  XX. 

arbitration,  treaties  of,  20,  VII-F ; 30,  XXL 

arbitration  of  disputes  in  regard  to,  17,  VII-B-4-a;  27,  XIII. 

Assembly  advises  reconsideration  of,  18,  VII-D-2;  30,  XIX. 

future  types,  18,  VII-D-4;  30,  XX. 

inconsistent  with  Covenant,  15,  V-I-3;  30,  XX. 

maintenance  of  respect  for  obligations  of,  7,  II-E;  24,  preamble. 

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Treaties — {continued) 


publication  of  registered  treaties,  13,  IV-C-4-d:  30,  XVIII.  18,  VII-D-i; 
30,  XVIII. 

reconsideration  of,  9,  I V-A-8-f ; 30,  XIX.  18,  VII-D-2;  30,  XIX. 
registration  of,  18,  VII-D-i;  30,  XVIII. 
treaty  obligations,  15,  V-I;  30,  XVIII  and  XX. 

Treatment  of  natives,  see  “natives.” 

Turkish  Empire,  colonies  of,  19,  VII-E-S-a;  30-31,  XXII. 

Unanimous  vote,  see  “rule,”  “exceptions.” 

United  States  of  America,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex.  9,  IV-B-2-a;  25,  IV. 
Uruguay,  7,  III-A;  32,  annex. 

Venezuela,  7,  III-B-i;  32,  annex. 

Voting — 

Assembly,  8,  IV-A-4;  24,  III. 

Council,  10,  IV-B-4;  25,  IV. 
majority,  see  “exceptions.” 
unanimous,  see  “rule.” 

War,  15,  V-G;  27,  XII  and  XIII.  17,  Vll-C-i-a  and  b;  29,  XVI  and  XVII. 
White  slave  traffic,  20,  VII-I;  31,  XXIII. 

Withdrawal — (voluntary  or  involuntary). 

disapproval  of  amendment,  23,  VII-W-3;  32,  XXVI. 
expulsion,  12,  IV-B-8-0;  29,  XVI.  22,  VII-W-2;  29,  XVI. 
resignation,  22,  VII-W-i;  24,  I. 

Women — 

eligible  for  office,  22,  VII-V;  26,  VII. 
labor,  conditions  of,  14,  IV-E-5;  31,  XXIII. 
protection  of,  16,  VI-C;  31,  XXIII. 


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